Low glucosinolate pennycress meal and methods of making

ABSTRACT

Pennycress ( Thlaspi arvense ) seed, seed lots, seed meal, and compositions with reduced glucosinolate content as well as plants that yield such seed, seed lots, seed meal, and compositions are provided. Methods of making and using the pennycress plants and/or seed that provide such seed, seed lots, seed meal, and compositions are also provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/251,247, filed Jan. 18, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/619,360, filed Jan. 19, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERAL FUNDING

This invention was made with government support under Grant Number 2014-67009-22305 awarded by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, USDA. The government has certain rights in the invention.

INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The sequence listing contained in the file named “CC-9 Low GSL_ST₂₅_V2.txt”, which is 412,971 bytes in size (measured in operating system MS-Windows), contains 261 sequences, and which was created on Mar. 2, 2021, is contemporaneously filed with this specification by electronic submission (using United States Patent Office EFS-Web filing system) and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Different plants have seed contents that make them desirable for feed compositions. Examples are soybean, canola, rapeseed and sunflower. After crushing the seeds and recovering the oil, the resulting meal has a protein content making the meal useful as a feed ingredient for ruminants and other animals. Nevertheless, there remains a desire for improved plant seeds that can provide additional sources of nutrition to animals.

Field Pennycress Thlaspi arvense L. (common names: fanweed, stinkweed, field pennycress), hereafter referred to as Pennycress or pennycress, is a winter cover crop that helps to protect soil from erosion, prevent the loss of farm-field nitrogen into water systems, and retain nutrients and residues to improve soil productivity. While it is well established that cover crops provide agronomic and ecological benefits to agriculture and environment, only 5% of U.S. farmers today are using them. One reason is economics—it requires on average ˜$30-50/acre to grow a cover crop on the land that is otherwise idle between two seasons of cash crops such as corn and soy. In the last 5 years, it has been recognized that pennycress could be used as a novel cover crop, because in addition to providing cover crop benefits, it produces harvestable seeds rich in oil and protein having value for feed, food, fuel, and industrial applications. Extensive testing indicates that pennycress can be interseeded over standing corn in early fall and harvested in spring prior to soybean planting (in appropriate climates). As such, its growth and development require minimal incremental inputs (e.g., no/minimum tillage, no/low nitrogen, insecticides or herbicides). Pennycress also does not directly compete with existing crops when intercropped e.g., for energy production, and the recovered oil and meal can provide an additional source of income for farmers.

Pennycress is a winter annual belonging to the Brassicaceae (mustard) family. It's related to cultivated crops, rapeseed and canola, which are also members of the Brassicaceae family. Pennycress seeds are smaller than those of canola, but they are also high in oil and protein content. They typically contain 36% oil, which is roughly twice the level found in soybean, and the oil has a very low saturated fat content (˜4%). Pennycress represents a clear opportunity for sustainable optimization of agricultural systems. For example, in the U.S. Midwest, ˜35M acres that remain idle could be planted with pennycress near the time of corn crop harvest, with pennycress seeds and/or plants harvested before the next soybean crop is planted. Pennycress can serve as an important winter cover crop working within the no/low-till corn and soybean rotation to guard against soil erosion and improve overall field soil nitrogen and pest management.

Pennycress seeds contain oil that is highly desirable as a feedstock for biofuels and/or chemicals and potentially as a food oil. Once the oil is obtained from pennycress seeds, either from mechanical expeller pressing or hexane extraction, the resulting meal has a high protein level with a favorable amino acid profile that could provide nutritional benefits to animals. However, studies of pennycress processing have consistently demonstrated that the meal produced has a high level of the anti-nutrient compound sinigrin (allyl-glucosinolate or 2-propenyl-glucosinolate), and as a result, without additional treatments, may not be competitive with high-value products like soybean and canola meals, ingredients commonly used in animal feed. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary plant metabolites that are found in all Brassica plants such as rapeseed, canola, camelina, carinata and pennycress. Content and composition of GSLs vary due to plant species, agronomic practices and environmental conditions (Tripathi and Mishra, 2007). Glucosinolates and their breakdown products that are a result of hydrolysis during the processing of the seeds into animal feed can result in negative effects on animal nutrition. The toxicity of glucosinolates for animals has been primarily associated with the metabolites thiocyanates, oxazolidinethiones and nitriles. These compounds interfere with iodine uptake (thiocyanates) and the synthesis of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (oxazolidinethiones), leading eventually to hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland (EFSA, 2008). The major clinical signs of toxicity described in farm animals include growth retardation, reduction in performance (milk and egg production), impaired reproductive activity, and impairment of liver and kidney functions (EFSA, 2008). A comprehensive review of the effects of glucosinolates in animal nutrition has been published by Tripathi and Mishra (2007) and EFSA (2008).

SUMMARY

Compositions comprising non-defatted pennycress seed meal that comprises less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight are provided herein.

Non-defatted pennycress seed meal that comprise less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight are provided herein.

Defatted pennycress seed meal comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight are provided herein.

Compositions comprising defatted pennycress seed meal that comprise less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight are provided herein.

Pennycress seed comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight are provided herein.

Pennycress seed lots comprising pennycress seed with less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight are provided herein.

In one embodiment, this disclosure provides methods for producing low glucosinolate pennycress seeds and meal. In certain embodiments, the methods comprise genetically modifying pennycress seed (e.g., using gene editing, mutagenesis, or a transgenic approach) to suppress expression of one or more genes involved in sinigrin biosynthesis, transport, and/or hydrolysis. Genetically altered seed lots with lower sinigrin content in comparison to control seed lots that lack the genetic alteration can be obtained by these methods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. In the drawings:

FIG. 1A, B illustrate glucosinolate (GSL) biosynthetic pathways for many Brassica plants. Panel A: A schematic diagram of aliphatic GSL pathway which begins with amino acid methionine as the precursor and is relevant for GSL modification in pennycress seed. Panel B: Various GSL forms found in Brassica are shown.

FIGS. 2 A, B, C, illustrates pARV1 (SS32 GTR1), Agrobacterium CRISPR-Cas9 vector and its gene editing sgRNA cassette, for targeting pennycress homolog of Glucosinolate transporter 1 (GTR1 or Glut1) gene. Panel A: Plasmid map of pARV1 (SS32 GTR1). Panel B: sgRNA cluster in pARV1, targeting nucleotides 2503-2522 and 2538-2557 of SEQ ID NO: 14. Panel C: Sequence example of one of gRNA cassettes targeting pennycress homolog of Glucosinolate transporter 1 (GTR1 or Glut1) gene.

FIG. 3A, B illustrates pDe-SpCas9 and pDe-SaCas9, Agrobacterium CRISPR-Cas9 base vectors for editing plant genome. gRNA cassette stuffers are inserted at the multiple cloning site between the Cas9 and HygR cassettes, replacing a small fragment of the vector with synthetic gRNA cassette.

FIG. 4A, B, C, illustrates pARV145, Agrobacterium CRISPR-Cas9 vector and its gene editing sgRNA cassettes, for targeting pennycress homolog of MYB28 (HAG1) gene. Panel A: Plasmid map of pARV145. Panel B: sgRNA cluster in pARV145, targeting nucleotides 719-738 and 793-812 of SEQ ID NO: 20. Panel C: Sequence examples of gRNA cassettes targeting pennycress homolog of MYB28 (HAG1) gene.

FIG. 5 illustrates pARV187, Agrobacterium CRISPR-FnCpf1 base vector for editing plant genome. gRNA cassette stuffers are inserted at the dual AarI site, replacing a small fragment of the vector with synthetic gRNA cassette.

FIG. 6 illustrates pARV190, Agrobacterium CRISPR-SmCms1 base vector for editing plant genome. gRNA cassette stuffers are inserted at the dual AarI site, replacing a small fragment of the vector with synthetic gRNA cassette.

FIGS. 7 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, gRNA cassettes targeting pennycress homologs of multiple genes in glucosinolate biosynthetic/metabolic pathway. FIG. 5A illustrates a gRNA cassette stuffer, designed for insertion into the AarI-digested plant genome editing vector (such as pARV187 or pARV190) for targeting pennycress AOP2 gene, nucleotides 2367-2389 and 2419-2441 of SEQ ID NO: 2; FIG. 5B: gRNA cassette stuffer for targeting pennycress BCAT4 gene, nucleotides 2984-3006 and 3048-3070 of SEQ ID NO: 5; FIG. 5C: gRNA cassette stuffer for targeting pennycress BCAT6 gene, nucleotides 1932-1954 and 2387-2409 of SEQ ID NO: 8; FIG. 5D: gRNA cassette stuffer for targeting pennycress CYP79 gene, nucleotides 2914-2936 and 2968-2990 of SEQ ID NO: 11; FIG. 5E: gRNA cassette stuffer for targeting pennycress GTR1 gene, nucleotides 2483-2505 and 2541-2563 of SEQ ID NO: 14; FIG. 5F: gRNA cassette stuffer for targeting pennycress GTR2 gene, nucleotides 2317-2339 and 2404-2426 of SEQ ID NO: 18; FIGS. 5G and 5H: gRNA cassette stuffers for targeting pennycress MYB28 gene, nucleotides 948-970, 1001-1023, 1045-1067 and 1315-1337 of SEQ ID NO: 20; FIG. 5I: gRNA cassette stuffer for targeting pennycress MYB29 gene, nucleotides 2573-2595 and 2625-2647 of SEQ ID NO: 23; FIG. 5J: gRNA cassette stuffer for targeting pennycress MYB76 gene, nucleotides 1539-1561 and 1570-1592 of SEQ ID NO: 26; FIG. 5K: gRNA cassette stuffer for targeting pennycress TFP gene, nucleotides 2170-2192 and 2559-2581 of SEQ ID NO: 29.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The term “and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A and/or B” herein is intended to include “A and B,” “A or B,” “A” (alone), and “B” (alone). Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

As used herein, the terms “include,” “includes,” and “including” are to be construed as at least having the features to which they refer while not excluding any additional unspecified features.

Where a term is provided in the singular, other embodiments described by the plural of that term are also provided.

To the extent to which any of the preceding definitions is inconsistent with definitions provided in any patent or non-patent reference incorporated herein by reference, any patent or non-patent reference cited herein, or in any patent or non-patent reference found elsewhere, it is understood that the preceding definition will be used herein.

Reductions in sinigrin content of various pennycress plants, seeds, seed lots, seed meals, and compositions obtained therefrom as well as associated methods of obtaining and using such plants, seeds, seed lots, seed meals, and compositions is provided herein by suppression of certain endogenous pennycress genes. The endogenous pennycress genes that can be suppressed to provide such reductions in sinigrin content include, but are not limited to, endogenous pennycress genes set forth in the following Table 1 and allelic variants of those genes.

Suppression of certain endogenous pennycress gene expression to provide for reductions in sinigrin content can be affected by a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in endogenous genes, with transgenes, or by using gene-editing- or mutagenesis-mediated genome rearrangements. In certain embodiments, the pennycress plants, seeds, seed lots, seed meals (which can be defatted or non-defatted), and related compositions can comprise one or more LOF mutations that suppress or otherwise alter expression and/or function of one or more genes, coding sequences, and/or proteins, thus resulting in reduced sinigrin content in comparison to control or wild-type pennycress seed, seed lots, and plant lots. Such LOF mutations include, but are not limited to, INDELS (insertions, deletions, and/or substitutions or any combination thereof), translocations, inversions, duplications, or any combination thereof in a promoter, and/or other regulatory elements including enhancers, a 5′ untranslated region, coding region, an intron of a gene, and/or a 3′ UTR of a gene. Such INDELS can introduce one or more mutations including, but not limited to, frameshift mutations, missense mutations, pre-mature translation termination codons, splice donor and/or acceptor mutations, regulatory mutations, and the like that result in a LOF mutation. In certain embodiments, the LOF mutation will result in: (a) a reduction in the enzymatic, transport, or other biochemical activity associated with the encoded polypeptide in the plant comprising the LOF mutation in comparison to a wild-type control plant; or (b) both a reduction in the enzymatic, transport or other biochemical activity (e.g., transcription factor) and a reduction in the amount of a transcript (e.g., mRNA) or polypeptide in the plant comprising the LOF mutation in comparison to a wild-type control plant. Such reductions in activity or activity and transcript levels can, in certain embodiments, comprise a reduction of at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of activity or activity and transcript levels in the LOF mutant in comparison to the activity or transcript levels in a wild-type control plant. In certain embodiments, the pennycress plants, seeds, seed lots, seed meals (which can be defatted or non-defatted), and related compositions will comprise one or more transgenes or genetic modifications that suppress or otherwise alter expression of one or more genes, coding sequences, and/or proteins, thus resulting in reduced sinigrin content in comparison to control or wild-type pennycress seed lots. Transgenes or genetic modifications that can provide for such suppression or alteration include, but are not limited to, transgenes or genome rearrangements introduced via gene editing or other mutagenesis techniques that produce small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), miRNA, or artificial miRNAs targeting a given gene or gene transcript for suppression. Such genome rearrangements include, but are not limited to, deletions, duplications, insertions, inversions, translocations, and combinations thereof. Useful genome rearrangements include, but are not limited to, rearrangements that place an endogenous promoter and/or transcriptional enhancer in proximity to 3′ end of a target gene or coding sequence (e.g., a gene or coding sequence of Table 1) or within the target gene or coding sequence such that the endogenous promoter and/or enhancer drive expression of an siRNA or miRNA that suppresses or otherwise alters expression of the target gene. In certain embodiments, the transgenes or genetic modifications that suppress expression will result in: (a) a reduction in the enzymatic, transport, or other biochemical activity associated with the encoded polypeptide in the plant comprising the transgene or genome rearrangement in comparison to a wild-type control plant; or (b) both a reduction in the enzymatic or other biochemical activity and a reduction in the amount of a transcript (e.g., mRNA) or polypeptide in the plant comprising the transgene or genome rearrangement in comparison to a wild-type control plant. Such reductions in activity and transcript levels can in certain embodiments comprise a reduction of at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of activity and/or transcript levels in the transgenic plant in comparison to the activity or transcript levels in a wild-type control plant. In certain embodiments, certain genes, coding sequences, and/or proteins that can be targeted for introduction of LOF mutations or that are targeted for transgene- or genome rearrangement-mediated suppression are provided in the following Table 1 and accompanying Sequence Listing. In certain embodiments, allelic variants of the wild-type genes, coding sequences, and/or proteins provided in Table 1 and the sequence listing are targeted for introduction of LOF mutations or are targeted for transgene- or genome rearrangement-mediated suppression. Allelic variants found in distinct pennycress isolates or varieties that exhibit wild-type seed sinigrin content can be targeted for introduction of LOF mutations or are targeted for transgene- or genome rearrangement-mediated suppression to obtain seed lots having reduced sinigrin content in comparison to sinigrin content of the control seed lots of wild-type pennycress. Such allelic variants can comprise polynucleotide sequences that have at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity across the entire length of the polynucleotide sequences of the wild-type coding regions or wild-type genes of Table 1 and the sequence listing. Such allelic variants can comprise polypeptide sequences that have at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity across the entire length of the polypeptide sequences of the wild-type proteins of Table 1 and the sequence listing. Pennycress seed lots having reduced sinigrin content as described herein can comprise one or more LOF mutations in one or more genes that encode polypeptides involved in GSL biosynthesis, in GSL transport, in GSL hydrolysis, regulating expression of genes encoding GSL biosynthetic and/or transport genes (e.g., transcription factors) or can comprise transgenes or genome rearrangements that suppress expression of those biosynthetic, transporter, hydrolysis, or expression regulator (e.g., transcription factor) encoding genes. Polypeptides affecting these traits include, without limitation, AOP2, BCAT4, BCAT6, CYP79F1, CYP83A1, GTR1, GTR2, MYB28 (HAG1), MYB29, MYB76, TFP, BHLH05, IMD1, CYP79B3, MAM1, FMO-GS-Ox1, and UGT74B-1 polypeptides disclosed in Table 1 and allelic variants thereof. In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can comprise one or more LOF mutations found in the pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or I87207 germplasm. Compositions comprising defatted or non-defatted seed meal obtained from any of the aforementioned seed lots, and seed cakes obtained from any of the aforementioned seed lots are also provided herein. Methods of making any of the aforementioned seed lots, compositions, seed meals, or seed cakes are also provided herein. As used herein, the phrase “seed cake” refers to the material obtained after the seeds are crushed, ground, heated, and expeller pressed or extruded prior to solvent extraction.

In certain embodiments, reductions in sinigrin content of seed lots, seed meal compositions, seed meal, or seed cake are in comparison to sinigrin content of control or wild-type seed lots, seed meal compositions, seed meal, or seed cake. Such controls include, but are not limited to, seed lots, seed meal compositions, seed meal, or seed cake obtained from control plants that lack the LOF mutations or transgene- or genome rearrangement-mediated gene suppression. In certain embodiments, control plants that lack the LOF mutations or transgene or genome rearrangement mediated gene suppression will be otherwise isogenic to the plants that contain the LOF mutations or transgene- or genome rearrangement-mediated gene suppression. In certain embodiments, the controls will comprise seed lots, seed meal compositions, seed meal, or seed cake obtained from plants that lack the LOF mutations or transgene or genome rearrangement mediated gene suppression and that were grown in parallel with the plants having the LOF mutations or transgene or genome rearrangement-mediated gene suppression. In certain embodiments, the pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the defatted or non-defatted seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, can comprise a less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include at least one loss-of-function mutation in a GSL biosynthetic coding sequence or gene (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 92, 93, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, or allelic variant thereof) and/or at least one loss-of-function mutation in a GSL transport (SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 16, 18, or allelic variant thereof), in a GSL hydrolysis (SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, or allelic variant thereof), and/or in an expression regulator (e.g., transcription factor; SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 159, 160, allelic variant thereof) coding sequence or gene. In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include at least one loss-of-function mutation in a GSL transport coding sequence or gene (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 16, 18, or allelic variant thereof) and at least one loss-of-function mutation in a GSL hydrolysis (SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, or allelic variant thereof), and/or in a expression regulator (e.g., transcription factor; SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, allelic variant thereof) coding sequence or gene. In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include at least one loss-of-function mutation in a GSL hydrolysis (SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, or allelic variant thereof) coding sequence or gene and/or at least one loss-of-function mutation in an expression regulator (e.g., transcription factor; SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, allelic variant thereof) coding sequence or gene. In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can be obtained from pennycress plants comprising the mutant E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or I87207 germplasm.

TABLE 1 Wild-type (WT) coding regions, encoded proteins, and genes that can be targeted for introduction of LOF mutations or transgene- or genome rearrangement- mediated suppression, their mutant variants and representative genetic elements for achieving suppression of gene expression. Names Used and/or Representative SEQ Pennycress LOF ID Sequence Function / Nature of the Mutants Disclosed NO: Name Type mutation Herein 1 AOP2-CDS WT Coding Plays a role in the ALKENYL region secondary modification of HYDROXALKYL 2 AOP2- WT Gene aliphatic (methionine- PRODUCING 2 - CAPE Genomic derived) GSLs, namely VERDE ISLANDS, locus the conversion of AOP2-CVI, GSL ALK 3 AOP2-PRT WT Protein methylsulfinylalkyl GSLs enzyme, AOP (2- to form alkenyl GSLs, and oxoglutarate- dependent also influences aliphatic dioxygenase) GSL accumulation 4 BCAT4-CDS WT Coding Involved in the BCAT4 (BRANCHED- region methionine chain CHAIN 5 BCAT4- WT Gene elongation pathway that AMINOTRANSFERASE Genomic leads to the ultimate 4) locus biosynthesis of 6 BCAT4-PRT WT Protein methionine-derived glucosinolates 7 BCAT6-CDS WT Coding Encodes a cytosolic BCAT6 (BRANCHED- region branched-chain CHAIN 8 BCAT6- WT Gene aminotransferase that acts AMINOTRANSFERASE Genomic on Leu, Ile, Val and also 6) locus on Met. Together with 9 BCAT6-PRT WT Protein BCAT4 and BCAT3, it is involved in methionine salvage and glucosinolate biosynthesis 10 CYP79F1- WT Coding Catalyzes the first CYP79F1 CDS region committed step in (CYTOCHROME P450 11 CYP79F1- WT Gene biosynthesis of the core 79F1), BUS1, BUSHY 1, Genomic structure of GSLs, SPS1, SUPERSHOOT 1 locus Modulates the level of 12 CYP79F1- WT Protein short chain methionine PRT derived aliphatic GSLs 13 GTR1-CDS WT Coding GTR1 encodes high- GTR1 (Glucosinolate region affinity, proton-dependent Transporter 1), NPF2.10, 14 GTR1- WT Gene GSL-specific transporter NRT1/PTR FAMILY Genomic essential for the 2.10 locus accumulation of GSLs in 15 GTR1-PRT WT Protein seeds 16 GTR2-CDS WT Coding GTR2 encodes high- GTR2 (Glucosinolate region affinity, proton-dependent Transporter 2), NPF2.11, 17 GTR2-PRT WT Protein GSL-specific transporter NRT1/PTR FAMILY 18 GTR2- WT Gene essential for the 2.11 Genomic accumulation of GSLs in locus seeds 19 MYB28-CDS WT Coding Principal regulator of HAG1 (High Aliphatic region aliphatic glucosinolate Glucosinolate 1), MYB 20 MYB28- WT Gene biosynthesis and affects DOMAIN PROTEIN 28, Genomic the production of both PMG1 (Production of locus short- and long-chain Methionine-derived 21 MYB28-PRT WT Protein aliphatic glucosinolates Glucosinolate 1) 22 MYB29-CDS WT Coding MYB DOMAIN HAG3 (High Aliphatic region PROTEIN 29, a Myb Glucosinolate 3), PMG2 23 MYB29- WT Gene transcription factor affects (Production of Genomic biosynthesis of short- Methionine-derived locus chain aliphatic Glucosinolate 2), RAO7, 24 MYB29-PRT WT Protein glucosinolates (Regulator of Alternative Oxidase 1A 7) 25 M7B76-CDS WT Coding MYB DOMAIN HAG2(High Aliphatic region PROTEIN 76, a Myb Glucosinolate 2), PMG2, 26 MYB76- WT Gene transcription factor affects (Production of Genomic biosynthesis of short- Methionine-derived locus chain aliphatic Glucosinolate 2), RAO7 27 MYB76-PRT WT Protein glucosinolates. (Regulator of Alternative Oxidase 1A 7) 28 TFP-CDS WT Coding Promotes the formation of Thiocyanate-forming region allylthiocyanate as well as protein (TFP) 29 TFP- WT Gene the epithionitrile upon Genomic myrosinase-catalyzed locus hydrolysis of 30 TFP-PRT WT Protein allylglucosinolate, the major glucosinolate 31 AOP2_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for 16_117170_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 125481_−_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_64 32 AOP2_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for 16_117170_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 125481_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_226 33 AOP2_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for 16_117170_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 125481_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_627 34 AOP2_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for 16_1171710_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 125481_−_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_66 35 BCAT4_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide BCAT4 CDS targeted for 7_1484532_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 1492822_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_566 36 BCAT4_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide BCAT4 CDS targeted for 7_1484532_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 1492822_+_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_ 184 37 BCAT4_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide BCAT4 CDS targeted for 7_1484532_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 1492822_+_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_ 185 38 BCAT4_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide BCAT4 CDS targeted for 7_1484532_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 1492822_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_172 39 BCAT6_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide BCAT6 CDS targeted for 18_731862_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 739845_+_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_63 40 BCAT6_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide BCAT6 CDS targeted for 18_731862_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 739845_+_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_64 41 BCAT6_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide BCAT6 CDS targeted for 18_731862_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 739845_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_558 42 BCAT6_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide BCAT6 CDS targeted for 18_731 cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 862_739845_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_577 43 CYP79F1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide CYP79F1 CDS targeted 1_ 3018995_ for cleavage by Cpf1 3027106_+_ enzyme; part of gRNA CRISPR_ cassette 86 44 CYP79F1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide CYP79F1 CDS targeted 1_3018995_ for cleavage by Cpf1 3027106_+_ enzyme; part of gRNA Cfp1_ cassette 493 45 CYP79F1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide CYP79F1 CDS targeted 3018995_ for cleavage by Cpf1 3027106_+_ enzyme; part of gRNA CRISPR_ cassette 87 46 CYP79F1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide CYP79F1 CDS targeted 1_3018995_ for cleavage by Cpf1 3027106_+_ enzyme; part of gRNA Cfp1_ cassette 495 47 GTR1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for 63_146888_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 155577_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_88 48 GTR1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for 63_146888_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 155577_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_92 49 GTR1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for 63_146888_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 155577_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_506 50 GTR1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for 63_146888_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 155577_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_525 51 GTR1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for 63_146888_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 155577_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_574 52 GTR1_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for 63_146888_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 155577_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_214 53 GTR2_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR2CDS targeted for 1964427_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 1972843_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1 513 54 GTR2_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR2 CDS targeted for 0_1964427_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 1972843_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_537 55 GTR2_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR2 CDS targeted for 0_1964427_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 1972843_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_174 56 GTR2_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR2 CDS targeted for 0_1964427_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 1972843_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_265 57 GTR2_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR2 CDS targeted for 0_1964427_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 1972843_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1R_267 58 MYB28_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB28 CDS targeted for 0_2473389_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2480758_+_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_ 170 59 MYB28_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB28 CDS targeted for 0_2473389_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2480758_+_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_ 172 60 MYB28_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB28 CDS targeted for 0_2473389_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2480758_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_569 61 MYB28_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB28 CDS targeted for 0_2473 cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 389_2480758_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_147 62 MYB28_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB28 CDS targeted for 0_2473389_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2480758_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_573 63 MYB28_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB28 CDS targeted for 0_2473389_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2480758_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_157 64 MYB29_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB29 CDS targeted for 3_2545596_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2553101_−_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_156 65 MYB29_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB29 CDS targeted for 3_2545596_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 255310_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_606 66 MYB29_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB29 CDS targeted for 3_2545596_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 255310_−_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_161 67 MYB29_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB29 CDS targeted for 3_2545596_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 255310_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_247 68 MYB76_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB76 CDS targeted for 3_2536681_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2543895_−_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_55 69 MYB76_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB76 CDS targeted for 3_2536681_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2543895_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_493 70 MYB76_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB76 CDS targeted for 3_2536681_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2543895_−_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_56 71 MYB76_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide MYB76 CDS targeted for 3_ 2536681_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 2543895_−_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_495 72 Ta_TFP_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide TFP CDS targeted for 1_4920343_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 4927356_+_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_ 164 73 Ta_TFP_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide TFP CDS targeted for 1_4920343_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 4927356_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_482 74 Ta_TFP_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide TFP CDS targeted for 1_4920343_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 4927356_+_ part of gRNA cassette CRISPR_ 167 75 Ta_TFP_scaffold_ Oligonucleotide TFP CDS targeted for 1_4920343_ cleavage by Cpf1 enzyme; 4927356_+_ part of gRNA cassette Cfp1_198 76 GTR1_115 Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for cleavage by SpCAS9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 77 GTR1_116 Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for cleavage by SpCAS9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 78 GTR2 scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR2 CDS targeted for 0_1966458_ cleavage by SpCAS9 1970958_+_ enzyme; part of gRNA CRISPR_43 cassette 79 GTR2 scaffold_ Oligonucleotide GTR2 CDS targeted for 0_1966458_ cleavage by SpCAS9 1970958_+_ enzyme; part of gRNA CRISPR_46 cassette 80 MYB28-m1- Mutant Coding Mutant hag1-1 allele (-G hag1-1 CDS region deletion) 81 MYB28-ml- Mutant Protein Mutant hag1-1 protein (-G PRT deletion) 82 MYB28-m2- Mutant Coding Mutant hag1-2 allele (+A hag1-2, 2172A CDS region insertion) 83 MYB28-m2- Mutant Protein Mutant hag1-2 protein PRT (+A insertion) 84 MYB28-m3- Mutant Coding Mutant hag1 allele (+G CDS region insertion) 85 MYB28-m3- Mutant Protein Mutant hag1 protein (+G PRT insertion) 86 MYB28-m4- Mutant Coding Mutant hag1 allele (A -> CDS region G mutation) 87 MYB28-m4- Mutant Protein Mutant hag1 allele (A -> PRT G mutation) 88 MYB28-m5- Mutant Coding Mutant hag1 allele (+A CDS region insertion) 89 MYB28-m5- Mutant Protein Mutant hag1 protein (+A PRT insertion) 90 MYB28-m6- Mutant Coding Mutant hag1 allele (−AG CDS region deletion) 91 MYB28-m6- Mutant Protein Mutant hag1 protein (−AG PRT deletion) 92 CYP83A1- WT Coding Biosynthetic enzyme and REF2 CDS region a member of cytochrome 93 CYP83A1- WT Gene P450 family. Catalyzes Genomic conversion of aliphatic locus aldoximes to nitrile oxides 94 CYP83A1- WT Protein or aci-nitro compounds PRT 95 CYP83A1- Mutant Coding Mutant cyp83a1 allele (G m1-CDS region insertion) 96 CYP83A1- Mutant cyp83a1 allele (G m1-PRT Mutant Protein insertion) 97 CYP83A1- Mutant Coding Mutant cyp83a1 allele (T-> m2-CDS region G mutation) 98 CYP83A1- Mutant cyp83a1 allele (T-> m2-PRT Mutant Protein G mutation) 99 AOP2_sp_PS3 Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 100 AOP2_sp_PS1 Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 101 AOP2_sp_PS4 Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 102 AOP2_sp_PS2 Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 103 AOP2_sp_PS6 Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 104 AOP2_sa_PS1 Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for cleavage by SaCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 105 AOP2_sa_PS2 Oligonucleotide AOP2 CDS targeted for cleavage by SaCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 106 HAG1_513 Oligonucleotide HAG1 CDS targeted for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 107 HAG1_sp_P Oligonucleotide HAG1 CDS targeted for S1_F cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 108 HAG1/3_sp_ Oligonucleotide HAG1/HAG3 CDS R targeted for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 109 HAG1/2_sa_ Oligonucleotide HAG1/HAG2 CDS PS1_F targeted for cleavage by SaCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 110 HAG2_sp_ Oligonucleotide HAG2 CDS targeted for PS1_F cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 111 HAG2_sp_ Oligonucleotide HAG2 CDS targeted for PS2_F cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 112 HAG2_sp_ Oligonucleotide HAG2 CDS targeted for PS3_F cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 113 HAG3_sp_ Oligonucleotide HAG3 CDS targeted for PS2_F cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 114 HAG3_431 Oligonucleotide HAG3 CDS targeted for cleavage by SaCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 115 HAG3_sp_ Oligonucleotide HAG3 CDS targeted for knockout_1 cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 116 HAG3_sp_ Oligonucleotide HAG3 CDS targeted for knockout 2 cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 117 CYP83A1_sp_ Oligonucleotide CYP83A1 CDS targeted PS3_F for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 118 GTR1_sp_  Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for PS1 cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 119 GTR1/2_sp_ Oligonucleotide GTR1/GTR2 CDS targeted PS1 for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 120 GTR1/2_sp_ Oligonucleotide GTR1/GTR2 CDS targeted PS2 for cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 121 GTR1/2_sa_ Oligonucleotide GTR1/GTR2 CDS targeted PS1 for cleavage by SaCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 122 GTR1/2_sa_ Oligonucleotide GTR1/GTR2 CDS targeted PS2 for cleavage by SaCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 123 GTR1_sp_  Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for PS2_F cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 124 GTR1_sp_ Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for PS3_F cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 125 GTR1_sp_ Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for knockout 1 cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 126 GTR1_sp_ Oligonucleotide GTR1 CDS targeted for knockout_2 cleavage by SpCas9 enzyme; part of gRNA cassette 127 MYB76- Mutant Coding TAAAGAAAGGAGCAT A427A m1ARV- Region GGACGT (nt 35-55 of CDS SEQ ID NO: 25) →  TAAAGAAAGG- GCATGGACGT (nt 35- 54 of SEQ ID NO: 127) 128 MYB76- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp m1ARV- deletion PRT 129 MYB76- Mutant Coding CTGTATCGGAGAAGG-------------- A430B m2ARV- Region -------------GTTAAAGAAAGGAGC CDS AT (nt 18-50 of SEQ ID NO: 25) → CT AT (nt 18-21 of SEQ ID NO: 129) 130 MYB76- Mutant Protein Presumed loss of function m2ARV- caused by 27 bp deletion PRT 131 MYB29- Mutant Coding (nt 86-690 of SEQ ID A264A, A296A, A316B, m1ARV- Region NO:2 2) TCCATGAA--- A329B CDS 598 bp deletion--- AAGGAACC (nt 72-82 of SEQ ID NO: 131) 132 MYB29- Mutant Protein Truncated protein caused m1ARV- by large deletion PRT 133 MYB29- Mutant Coding (nt 72-709 of SEQ ID A361B m2ARV- Region NO: 22) ACTCATCT--- CDS 603 bp deletion--- ACCGCACTG (nt 72-87 of SEQ ID NO: 133) 134 MYB29- Mutant Protein Truncated protein caused m2ARV- by large deletion PRT 135 MYB29- Mutant Coding ATCCATGAACATGGC A262A, A275A m3ARV- Region GAAG (nt 85-103 of SEQ CDS ID NO:22) → ATCCATGAA(A)CATG GCGAAG (nt 85-104 of SEQ ID NO: 135), and TCAGCGTCCATGGAA GGAACCTT (nt 670-692 of SEQ ID NO: 22) → TCAGCGTCCATGGAA(A) GGAACCTT (nt 670- 693 of SEQ ID NO: 135) 136 MYB29- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp m3ARV- insertion (second edit also PRT 1 bp insertion) 137 MYB29- Mutant Coding TCAGCGTCCATGGAA A261C m4ARV- Region GGAACCTT (nt 670-692 CDS of SEQ ID NO: 22) → TCAGCGTCCA--- AAGGAACCTT (nt 670- 689 of SEQ ID NO: 137) 138 MYB29- Mutant Protein Missing M227, E228->K m4ARV- PRT 139 MYB29- Mutant Coding TCAGCGTCCATGGAA A268A m5ARV- Region GGAACCTT (nt 670-692 CDS of SEQ ID NO: 22) → TCAGCGTCC---- AAGGAACCTT (nt 670- 689 of SEQ ID NO: 139) 140 MYB29- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 4 bp m5ARV- deletion PRT 141 MYB29- Mutant Coding TCAGCGTCCATGGAA A263A, A347D m6ARV- Region GGAACCTT (nt 670-692 CDS of SEQ ID NO:22) → TCAGCGTCCATGGA- GGAACCTT (nt 670-691 of SEQ ID NO: 141) 142 MYB29- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp m6ARV- deletion PRT 143 GTR1- Mutant Coding CCTCTGCGACACTTAC A382A m1ARV- Region TTTG (nt 321-340 of SEQ CDS ID NO: 13) → CCT--------- -----TTTG (nt 321-327 of SEQ ID NO: 143) 144 GTR1- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by m1ARV- 13 bp deletion PRT 145 GTR2- Mutant Coding AGTGCATTGTGAGAG A412A m1ARV- Region TGCT (nt 1037-1055 of CDS SEQ ID NO: 16) → AGTGCATT(T)GTGAG AGTGCT (nt 1037-1056 of SEQ ID NO: 145) 146 GTR2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by lbp m1ARV- insertion PRT 147 AOP2- Mutant Coding TTTCCGAGAGTATGG A368A m1ARV- Region GGATC (nt 275-294 of CDS SEQ ID NO: 1) → TTTCCGAGAG(A)TAT GGGGATC (nt 275-295 of SEQ ID NO: 147) 148 AOP2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp m1ARV- insertion PRT 149 AOP2- Mutant Coding TTTCCGAGAGTATGG A377A m2ARV- Region GGATC (nt 275-294 of CDS SEQ ID NO:1) → TTTCCGAGA-- ATGGGGATC (nt 275- 292 of SEQ ID NO: 149) 150 AOP2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 2 bp m2ARV- deletion PRT 151 AOP2- Mutant Coding TTTCCGAGAGTATGG A390A m3ARV- Region GGATC (nt 275-294 of CDS SEQ ID NO: 1) → TTTCCGAGAGT-- GGGGATC (nt 275-292 of SEQ ID NO: 151) 152 AOP2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 2 bp m3ARV- deletion PRT 153 AOP2- Mutant Coding TTTCCGAGAGTATGG A402A m4ARV- Region GGATC (nt 275-294 of CDS SEQ ID NO: 1) → TTTCCGAGAGT---- GGATC (nt 275-290 of SEQ ID NO: 153) 154 AOP2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 4 bp m4ARV- deletion PRT 155 AOP2- Mutant Coding TTTCCGAGAGTATGG A378A, A379A, A385A, m5ARV- Region GGATC (nt 275-294 of A394A, A403B CDS SEQ ID NO: 1) → TTTCCGAGAGT(T)ATG GGGATC (nt 275-295 of SEQ ID NO: 155) 156 AOP2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp m5ARV- insertion PRT 157 AOP2- Mutant Coding TTTCCGAGAGTATGG A375A m6ARV- Region GGATC (nt 275-294 of CDS SEQ ID NO: 1) → TTTC-- ------TGGGGATC (nt 275-286 of SEQ ID NO: 157) 158 AOP2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 8 bp m6ARV- deletion PRT 159 BHLH05- WT Coding basic helix-loop-helix BHLH05, MYC3, WT-CDS region transcription factor05 bHLH05 160 BHLH05- WT Gene (bHLH05) transcription WT- factor affects the Genomic biosynthesis of Locus glucosinolates 161 BHLH05- WT Protein WT-PRT 162 IMD1-WT- WT Coding ISOPROPYLMALATE IMD1, CDS region DEHYDROGENASE 1 ISOPROPYLMALATE 163 IMD1-WT- WT Gene (IMD1) is involved in DEHYDROGENASE 1 Genomic leucine biosynthesis and Locus methionine chain 164 IMD1-WT- WT Protein elongation required for PRT glucosinolate biosynthesis 165 CYP79B3- WT Coding Encodes cytochrome P450 CYP79B3, CYTOCHRO region family 79 and is involved ME P450, FAMILY 79, WT-CDS in biosynthesis of SUBFAMILY B, 166 CYP79B3- WT Gene glucosinolates POLYPEPTIDE 3 WT- Genomic Locus 167 CYP79B3- WT Protein WT-PRT 168 MAM1-WT- WT Coding Encodes MAM1, CDS region METHYLTHIOALKYL METHYLTHIOALKYL 169 MAM1-WT- WT Gene MALATE SYNTHASE 1 MALATE SYNTHASE Genomic is involved in biosynthesis 1, gsm1 Locus of glucosinolates 170 MAM1-WT- WT Protein PRT 171 Ta_FMO- WT Coding FLAVIN- FMO GS-Ox1, FLAVIN- GS-Ox1- region MONOOXYGENASE MONOOXYGENASE WT-CDS GLUCOSINOLATE S- GLUCOSINOLATE S- 172 Ta_FMO- WT Gene OXYGENASE 1 OXYGENASE 1, GS-Ox1- catalyzes the conversion WT- of methylthioalkyl Gemonic glucosinolates to Locus methylsulfinylalkyl 173 Ta_FMO- WT Protein glucosinolates GS-Ox1- WT-PRT 174 Ta_UGT74B1- WT Coding UDP- UGT74B1, UDP- WT-CDS region glucose:thiohydroximate GLUCOSYL 175 Ta_UGT74B1- WT Gene S-glucosyltransferase TRANSFERASE 74B1 WT- involved in glucosinolate Gemonic biosynthesis Locus 176 Ta_UGT74B1- WT Protein WT-PRT 177 Ta_FMO- Mutant Coding TTGAGCCTCGTCTAGC GS-Ox1-1- Region TGAA (nt 653-672 of CDS SEQ ID NO: 171) → TTGAGCCTC<A>TC TAGCTGAA (nt 653-672 of SEQ ID NO: 177) 178 Ta_FMO- Mutant Protein Amino acid change GS-Ox1-1- PRT 179 Ta_MAM1- Mutant Coding GCAAACATAGAGACA E5 543 1-CDS Region TTGAG (nt 464-483 of SEQ ID NO: 168) → GCAAACATA<A>AG ACATTGAG (nt 464-483 of SEQ ID NO: 179) 180 Ta_MAM1- Mutant Protein Amino acid change 1-PRT 181 Ta_MAM1- Mutant Coding TGTGTGTGCTGGAGC D0956 2-CDS Region AAGAC (nt 891-910 of SEQ ID NO: 168) → TGTGTGTGCTGGA <A>CAAGAC (nt 891-910 of SEQ ID NO: 181) 182 Ta_MAM1- Mutant Protein Amino acid change 2-PRT 183 Ta_AOP2- Mutant Coding CCGAGAGTATGGGGA E3196, Nutty, aop2-1 like-1MAR- Region TCCAG (nt 278-297 of CDS SEQ ID NO: 1) → CCGAGAGTATG<A> GGATCCAG (nt 278-297 of SEQ ID NO: 183) 184 Ta AOP2- Mutant Protein Amino acid change like-1MAR- PRT 185 Ta_bh1h05- Mutant Coding AGAAGGCTGGACCTA D3 N13P3 1-CDS Region CGCGA (nt 189-208 of SEQ ID NO:159) → AGAAGGCTG<A>CCT ACGCGA (nt 189-208 of SEQ ID NO: 185) 186 Ta_bh1h05- Mutant Protein Truncated protein caused 1-PRT by premature stop codon 187 Ta_bh1h05- Mutant Coding CGGAGACAACACAGT E5 202P2 2-CDS Region GATTCT (nt 246-266 of SEQ ID NO: 159) → CGGAGACAAC- CAGTGATTCT (nt 246- 265 of SEQ ID NO: 187) 188 Ta_bh1h05- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp 2-PRT deletion 189 Ta_bh1h05- Mutant Coding GGCGGAACCGGAGTT E5 133P2, fad2-2 3-CDS Region TCCGA (nt 394-413 of SEQ ID NO: 159) → GGCGGAACCG<A>AG TTTCCGA (nt 394-413 of SEQ ID NO: 189) 190 Ta_bh1h05- Mutant Protein Amino acid change 3-PRT 191 Ta_myb28- Mutant Coding CATCCACGAGCACGG 5SED-CDS Region TGAA (nt 84-103 of SEQ ID NO: 22) → CATCCACG- GCACGGTGAA (nt 84- 102 of SEQ ID NO: 191) 192 Ta myb28- Mutant Protein Frameshift due to 1 bp 5SED-PRT deletion 193 myb76- Mutant Coding TAAAACGGTGTGGAA 1SED-CDS Region AGAG (nt 137-157 of SEQ ID NO: 25) → TAAAACGGT(T)GTGG AAAGAG (nt 137-156 of SEQ ID NO: 193) 194 myb76- Mutant Protein Frameshift due to 1 bp 1SED-PRT insertion 195 myb29- Mutant Coding GCCACTTGCCCCTAG 2172A 1SED-CDS Region CCCTAGTCCGGCCAC GCTA (nt 381-413 of SEQ ID NO: 22) → GCCACTTG------------- TCCGGCCACGCT (nt 381-400 of SEQ ID NO: 195) 196 myb29- Mutant Protein Frameshift due to 13 bp 1SED-PRT deletion 197 myb29- Mutant Coding TAGCCCTAGTCCGGC 2180A 2SED-CDS Region CACGCTC (nt 393-414 of SEQ ID NO: 22) → TAGCCCTA CCACGCTC (nt 393-408 of SEQ ID NO: 197) 198 myb29- Mutant Protein Presumed loss of function 2SED-PRT due to 6 bp deletion 199 Ta_imd1-1- Mutant Coding AGAGCCCAGAGGCAT A7 95, tt4-1 CDS Region TAAGA (nt 663-682 of SEQ ID NO: 162) → AGAGCCCA<A>AGGC ATTAAGA (nt 663-682 of SEQ ID NO: 199) 200 Ta_imd1-1- Mutant Protein Amino acid change PRT 201 Ta_imd1-2- Mutant Coding TCGGTGTATCGGGAC D3 22 CDS Region CTGGA (nt 1040-1059 of SEQ ID NO: 162) → TCGGTGTAT<T>GGGA CCTGGA (nt 1040-1059 of SEQ ID NO: 201) 202 Ta_imd1-2- Mutant Protein Amino acid change PRT 203 Ta_cyp79b3- Mutant Coding CTTTCCAACGGCTAC I87207 1-CDS Region AAAAC (nt 412-431 of SEQ ID NO: 165) → CTTTCCAAC<A>GCTA CAAAAC (nt 412-431 of SEQ ID NO: 203) 204 Ta_cyp79b3- Mutant Protein Amino acid change 1-PRT 205 Ta_cyp79b3- Mutant Coding GGTCTGATCCACTTA E5 519 2-CDS Region GCTTT (nt 1328-1347 of SEQ ID NO: 165) → GGTCTGAT<T>CACTT AGCTTT (nt 1328-1347 of SEQ ID NO: 205) 206 Ta_cyp79b3- Mutant Protein Amino acid change 2-PRT 207 Ta_cyp83a1- Mutant Coding TTCAGGCCCGAGAGG A7 66 1-CDS Region TTTC (nt 1240-1258 of SEQ ID NO: 97) → TTCAGGCCC<A>AGA GGTTTC (nt 1240-1258 of SEQ ID NO: 207) 208 Ta_cyp83a1- Mutant Protein Amino acid change 1-PRT 209 Ta_cyp83a1- Mutant Coding TTATCATACAAGATA 2-CDS Region GGAAA (nt 196-215 of SEQ ID NO: 97) → TTATCATACAA(A)G ATAGGAAA (nt 196-216 of SEQ ID NO: 209) 210 Ta_cyp83a1- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp 2-PRT insertion 211 Ta_cyp83a1- Mutant Coding TTATCATACAAGATA 3-CDS Region GGAAA (nt 196-215 of SEQ ID NO: 97) → TTATCATACAA(T)G ATAGGAAA (nt 196-216 of SEQ ID NO: 211) 212 Ta_cyp83a1- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp 3-PRT insertion 213 Ta_AOP2- Mutant Coding (nt 270-318 of SEQ ID like a0p2- Region NO: 1) →CGGTCTTT-- 2SED-CDS 35 bp deletion-- TGGACAAA (nt 270-285 of SEQ ID NO: 213) 214 Ta_AOP2- Mutant Protein Presumed loss of function like a0p2- due to 33 bp deletion 2SED-PRT 215 Ta_A0P2- Mutant Coding TCCTCATGTTTTGGAC like a0p2- Region AAAGTTTA (nt 300-323 3 SED-CDS of SEQ ID NO: 1) → TCCTCAT-- TTTGGACAAAGTTA (nt 300-319 of SEQ ID NO: 215) 216 Ta_A0P2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 2 bp like a0p2- deletion 3 SED-PRT 217 Ta_A0P2- Mutant Coding TCCTCATGTTTTGGAC like a0p2- Region AAAGTTTA (nt 300-323 4SED-CDS of SEQ ID NO: 1) →TCCTCATGTTT- GACAAAGTTTA (nt 300-322 of SEQ ID NO: 217) 218 Ta_A0P2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp like a0p2- deletion 4SED-PRT 219 Ta_AOP2- Mutant Coding TCCTCATGTTTTGGAC like a0p2- Region AAAGTTTA (nt 300-323 5SED-CDS of SEQ ID NO: 1) → TCCTCATGTTTT(T)G GACAAAGTTTA (nt 300-324 of SEQ ID NO: 219) 220 Ta_A0P2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp like a0p2- insertion 5SED-PRT 221 Ta_gtrl-1- Mutant Coding CCGCAGCTCTTGCTTG I87113, gtr1-1 CDS Region CAGG (nt 1561-1580 of SEQ ID NO: 13) → CCGCAGCTCTTGTT <T>GCAGG (nt 1561-1580 of SEQ ID NO: 221) 222 Ta gtr1-1- Mutant Protein Amino acid change PRT 223 Ta_gtr1-2- Mutant Coding TGAAATGCATTGTGA 3A5K, gtr1-2 CDS Region GAGT (nt 1145-1163 of SEQ ID NO: 13) → TGAAATGCATGTGTG AGAGT (nt 1145-1164 of SEQ ID NO: 223) 224 Ta_gtr1-2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp PRT insertion 225 Ta_gtr2-1- Mutant Coding AAAGAAAGTGATGAT AX17D CDS Region GATCA (nt 1762-1781 of SEQ ID NO: 16) → AAAGAAAGT<A>ATG ATGATCA (nt 1762-1781 of SEQ ID NO: 225) 226 Ta_gtr2-1- Mutant Protein Amino acid change PRT 227 Ta_gtr2-2- Mutant Coding AGTGCATTGTGAGAG 3A5C, 3A5K, gtr2-2, CDS Region TGCT (nt 1037-1055 of A427A SEQ ID NO: 16) → AGTGCAT(A)TGTGAG AGTGCT (nt 1037-1056 of SEQ ID NO: 227) 228 Ta_gtr2-2- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp A427A PRT insertion 229 Ta_gtr2-3- Mutant Coding AGTGCATTGTGAGAG 3A5K, gtr2-3 CDS Region TGCT (nt 1037-1055 of SEQ ID NO: 16) → AGTGCAT(G)TGTGAG AGTGCT (nt 1037-1056 of SEQ ID NO: 229) 230 Ta_gtr2-3- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp 3A5K PRT insertion 231 MYB28- Mutant Coding Mutant hag1 allele (-GT 2180A 2180A-CDS region deletion) 232 MYB28- Mutant Protein Mutant hag1 protein (-GT 2180A 2180A-PRT deletion) 233 MYB28- Mutant Coding Mutant hag1 allele (-TG 2172A 2172A-CDS region deletion) 234 MYB28- Mutant Protein Mutant hag1 protein (-TG 2172A 2172A-PRT deletion) 235 Ta_gtr1-3- Mutant Coding TGAAATGCATTGTGA 3A5C, gtr1-3 CDS Region GAGT (nt 1145-1163 of SEQ ID NO: 13) → TGAAATGCAT- GTGAGAGT (nt 1145- 1164 of SEQ ID NO: 235) 236 Ta_gtr1-3- Mutant Protein Frameshift caused by 1 bp 3A5C PRT deletion

In certain embodiments, pennycress plant seeds, seed lots, seed meal, and compositions having reduced sinigrin content as described herein can be obtained from the E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or I87207 pennycress mutant lines provided herein, from progeny derived from those mutant lines, from hybrids derived from those mutant lines, or from germplasm from the mutants that provide seed or seed meal comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight. In certain embodiments, germplasm from the mutants that provides seed or seed meal comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight can be obtained by outcrossing the E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, ES 543, or I87207 pennycress mutant lines to other pennycress lines with wild-type sinigrin levels, selfing progeny of the cross, and selecting for progeny of the self that provide seed or seed meal having less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight. In certain embodiments, germplasm from the mutants that provides seed meal comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram can be introgressed into the genetic background of a second pennycress line with wild-type sinigrin levels by using the second pennycress line as a recurrent parent in a series of backcrosses followed by selfs, where progeny of the selfs that seed or seed meal comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight are selected and carried forward into additional crosses to the recurrent parent. In certain embodiments, the pennycress mutant E3 196, ES 444P1, ES 356P5, I87113, ES S43, and/or I87207 germplasm that provides seed meal comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight can be combined in a pennycress plant to provide pennycress plant seeds, seed lots, seed meal, and compositions having reduced sinigrin content as described herein. In certain embodiments, the pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, and/or I87207 germplasm can provide pennycress plant seeds, seed lots, seed meal, and compositions comprising 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 μmol sinigrin/gm dw (gram dry weight). Germplasm combinations comprising any of: (i) E3 196 and E5 444P1 germplasm; (ii) E3 196 and I87113 or E5 444P1 germplasm; (iii) E3 196 and I87207 or E5 444P1 germplasm; (iv) I87113 and I87207 or E5 444P germplasm; (iv) E3 196, I87113, E5 444P1, and I87207 germplasm; (v) E5 356P5 and E5 543 germplasm; or (vi) any combination of E3 196, ES 444P1, ES 356P5, I87113, ES 543, and/or I87207 germplasm that provide seed or seed meal comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight are provided herein. Also provided herein is the combination of any of the germplasms of the E3 196, ES 444P1, ES 356P5, I87113, ES 543, and/or I87207 pennycress mutant lines that provides for reduced sinigrin content or any of the aforementioned germplasm combinations of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v) with germplasm comprising loss-of function mutations in a GSL biosynthetic coding sequence or gene (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 92, 93, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, or allelic variant thereof), at least one loss-of-function mutation in a GSL transport coding sequence or gene (SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 16, 18, or allelic variant thereof), in a GSL hydrolysis coding sequence or gene (SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, or allelic variant thereof), and/or in an expression regulator (e.g., transcription factor; SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 159, 160, allelic variant thereof) coding sequence or gene.

A representative wild-type (WT) pennycress MYB28 (HAG1) coding sequence is as shown in sequence listing (SEQ ID NO: 19). The terms “MYB28” and “HAG1” are used interchangeably herein. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress MYB28 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 19), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a MYB28 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. A representative wild-type pennycress MYB28 polypeptide is shown in sequence listing (SEQ ID NO: 21). In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress MYB28 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO: 21), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress MYB28 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO: 21), referred to herein as an allelic variant sequence, provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a MYB28 polypeptide can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99) percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. A MYB28 polypeptide of an allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO: 21.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include at least one loss-of-function modification in a MYB28 gene (e.g., in a MYB28 coding sequence, in a MYB28 regulatory sequence including the promoter, 5′ UTR, intron, 3′ UTR, or in any combination thereof) or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the MYB28 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a MYB28 gene can be any modification that is effective to suppress MYB28 polypeptide expression or MYB28 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed MYB28 polypeptide expression and/or MYB28 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function in comparison to a wild-type plant (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications that can provide for a loss-of-function mutation include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, any of the aforementioned loss-of-function (LOF) modifications in the MYB28 gene can be combined with a loss-of-function modification in a MYB29 gene or allelic variant thereof, and/or a loss-of-function modification in a MYB76 gene or allelic variant thereof to obtain pennycress plant seeds, seed lots, seed meal, and compositions having reduced sinigrin content described herein. Plants, germplasm, seed, seed lots, seed meal, and compositions comprising: (i) MYB28 and MYB29 LOF modifications; (ii) MYB28 and MYB76 LOF modifications; (iii) MYB29 and MYB76 LOF modifications; and (iii) MYB28, MYB29 and MYB76 LOF modifications are also provided herein.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a deletion (e.g., a single base-pair deletion) relative to the WT pennycress MYB28 coding sequence. In certain embodiments, a modified MYB28 coding sequence can include a single base-pair deletion of the guanine (G) at nucleotide residue 20 in a WT pennycress MYB28 coding sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 19 or an allelic variant thereof). For example, a single base-pair deletion of the guanine (G) at nucleotide residue at nucleotide residue 20 in a WT pennycress MYB28 coding sequence thereby producing a premature stop codon. A representative modified pennycress MYB28 coding sequence having a loss-of-function single base pair deletion is presented in SEQ ID NO: 80.

A modified or mutated pennycress MYB28 coding sequence having a loss-of-function single base pair deletion mutation (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 80) can encode a modified MYB28 polypeptide (e.g., a modified MYB28 polypeptide having suppressed MYB28 polypeptide expression and/or reduced MYB28 polypeptide function). For example, a modified pennycress MYB28 coding sequence having a single base-pair deletion (e.g., SEQ ID NO:80) can encode a modified MYB28 polypeptide. In certain embodiments, a modified MYB28 polypeptide can include a truncation resulting from the introduction of a stop codon at codon position 20 within the MYB28 open reading frame (e.g., SEQ ID NO:19). A representative truncated pennycress MYB28 polypeptide is presented in SEQ ID NO:81. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a MYB28 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the MYB28 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding an MYB28 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a MYB28 allelic variant gene.

A representative WT pennycress CYP83A1 coding region is presented in SEQ ID NO:92. Two protospacer locations and adjacent protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sites that can be targeted by, for example, CRISPR-SpCAS9, correspond to nucleotides 190-209 (protospacer) and 210-212 (PAM site).

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress CYP83A1 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:92), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a CYP83A1 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:92. A representative WT pennycress CYP83A1 polypeptide is presented in SEQ ID NO:94.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress CYP83A1 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:94), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence, provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a CYP83A1 polypeptide can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:94. A CYP83A1 polypeptide can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:94.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a CYP83A1 gene (e.g., in a CYP83A1 coding sequence) or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the CYP83A1 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a CYP83A1 gene can be any modification that is effective to suppress CYP83A1 polypeptide expression or CYP83A1 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed CYP83A1 polypeptide expression and/or CYP83A1 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a CYP83A1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the CYP83A1 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding an CYP83A1 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of an CYP83A1 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress AOP2 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:1 or 2), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a AOP2 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 or 2. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress AOP2 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:3), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a AOP2 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3. An AOP2 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:3.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a AOP2 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the AOP2 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a AOP2 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce AOP2 polypeptide expression or AOP2 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed AOP2 polypeptide expression and/or AOP2 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in an AOP2 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the AOP2 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding an AOP2 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of an AOP2 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress BCAT4 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:4), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a BCAT4 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress BCAT4 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:6), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a BCAT4 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:6. A BCAT4 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:76.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a BCAT4 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the BCAT4 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a BCAT4 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce BCAT4 polypeptide expression or BCAT4 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed BCAT4 polypeptide expression and/or BCAT4 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a BCAT4 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the BCAT4 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a BCAT4 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a BCAT4 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress BCAT6 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:7), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a BCAT6 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:7. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress BCAT6 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:9), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a BCAT6 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:9. A BCAT6 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:9.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a BCAT6 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the BCAT6 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a BCAT6 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce BCAT6 polypeptide expression or BCAT6 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed BCAT6 polypeptide expression and/or BCAT6 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a BCAT6 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the BCAT6 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a BCAT6 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a BCAT6 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a CYP79F1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the CYP79F1 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a CYP79F1 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce CYP79F1 polypeptide expression or CYP79F1 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed CYP79F1 polypeptide expression and/or CYP79F1 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress CYP79F1 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:10), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a CYP79F1 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:10. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress CYP79F1 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:46), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. In certain embodiments, a CYP79F1 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:12. A CYP79F1 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:12. Loss-of-function modifications in a CYP79F1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the CYP79F1 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a CYP79F1 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a CYP79F1 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a GTR1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the GTR1 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a GTR1 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce GTR1 polypeptide expression or GTR1 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed GTR1 polypeptide expression and/or GTR1 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress GTR1 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:13), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a GTR1 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:13. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress GTR1 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:15), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. In certain embodiments, a GTR1 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:15. A GTR1 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:15. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a GTR1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the GTR1 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a GTR1 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a GTR1 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content can include a complete or partial loss-of-function modification in a GTR2 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the GTR2 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a GTR2 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce GTR2 polypeptide expression or GTR2 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed GTR2 polypeptide expression and/or GTR2 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress GTR2 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:16), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a GTR2 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:16. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress GTR2 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:17), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. In certain embodiments, a GTR2 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:17. A GTR2 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:17. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a GTR2 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the GTR2 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a GTR2 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a GTR2 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content can include a complete or partial loss-of-function modification in a TFP encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the TFP gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a TFP gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce TFP polypeptide expression or TFP polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed TFP polypeptide expression and/or TFP polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress TFP coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:28), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a TFP coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:28. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress TFP polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:30), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. In certain embodiments, a TFP polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:30. A TFP polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:30. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a TFP encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the TFP gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a TFP allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a TFP allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a BHLH05 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the BHLH05 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a BHLH05 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce BHLH05 polypeptide expression or BHLH05 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed BHLH05 polypeptide expression and/or BHLH05 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress BHLH05 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:159 or 160), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a BHLH05 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:159 or 160. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress BHLH05 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:161), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a BHLH05 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 161. An BHLH05 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:161. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a BHLH05 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the BHLH05 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a BHLH05 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a BHLH05 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a IMD1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the IMD1 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a IMD1 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce IMD1 polypeptide expression or IMD1 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed IMD1 polypeptide expression and/or IMD1 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress IMD1 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 162 or 163), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a IMD1 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 162 or 163. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress IMD1 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:164), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a IMD1 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 164. An IMD1 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:164. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a IMD1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the IMD1 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a IMD1 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a IMD1 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a CYP79B3 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the CYP79B3 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a CYP79B3 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce CYP79B3 polypeptide expression or CYP79B3 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed CYP79B3 polypeptide expression and/or CYP79B3 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress CYP79B3 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 165 or 166), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a CYP79B3 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 165 or 166. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress CYP79B3 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:167), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a CYP79B3 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 167. A CYP79B3 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:167. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a CYP79B3 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the CYP79B3 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a CYP79B3 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a CYP79B3 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a MAM1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the MAM1 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a MAM1 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce MAM1 polypeptide expression or MAM1 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed MAM1 polypeptide expression and/or MAM1 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress MAM1 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO:168 or 169), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a MAW1 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 168 or 169. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress MAM1 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:170), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a MAM1 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 170. A MAM1 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:170. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a MAM1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the MAM1 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a MAM1 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a MAM1 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in an FMO-GS-Ox1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the FMO-GS-Ox1 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in an FMO-GS-Ox1 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce FMO-GS-Ox1 polypeptide expression or FMO-GS-Ox1 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed FMO-GS-Ox1 polypeptide expression and/or FMO-GS-Ox1 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress FMO-GS-Ox1 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 171 or 172), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, an FMO-GS-Ox1 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 171 or 172. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress FMO-GS-Ox1 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:173), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, an FMO-GS-Ox1 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 173. An FMO-GS-Ox1 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:173. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in an FMO-GS-Ox1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the FMO-GS-Ox1 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding an FMO-GS-Ox1 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a FMO-GS-Ox1 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, pennycress seed lots, plants, seeds, as well as the seed meals and compositions obtained therefrom, all having reduced sinigrin content, can include a loss-of-function modification in a UGT74B1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the UGT74B1 gene. As used herein, a loss-of-function mutation in a UGT74B1 gene can be any modification that is effective to reduce UGT74B1 polypeptide expression or UGT74B1 polypeptide function. In certain embodiments, suppressed UGT74B1 polypeptide expression and/or UGT74B1 polypeptide function can comprise elimination or a reduction in such expression or function (i.e., can be complete or partial). Examples of genetic modifications include, without limitation, deletions, insertions, substitutions, translocations, inversions, duplications, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress UGT74B1 coding sequence can have a sequence that deviates from the coding sequence set forth above (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 174 or 175), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence. In certain embodiments, a UGT74B1 coding sequence allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 174 or 175. In certain embodiments, a WT pennycress UGT74B1 polypeptide can have a sequence that deviates from the polypeptide sequence set forth above (SEQ ID NO:176), and is referred to as an allelic variant sequence provided the polypeptide maintains its wild-type function. For example, a UGT74B1 polypeptide allelic variant can have at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 98, or at least 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 176. An UGT74B1 polypeptide allelic variant can have one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) relative to SEQ ID NO:176. The aforementioned loss-of-function modifications in a UGT74B1 encoding gene or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of the UGT74B1 gene thus include loss-of-function modifications in a gene encoding a UGT74B1 allelic variant gene, or a transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of a UGT74B1 allelic variant gene.

In certain embodiments, the pennycress seeds, seed lots, seed meals (defatted and non-defatted), compositions comprising those seed meals, and pennycress plants provided herein can comprise loss-of-function mutation(s), transgene(s), and/or genomic rearrangement(s) that suppress expression and/or activity of at least two of any of the aforementioned endogenous pennycress genes or allelic variants thereof (e.g., MYB28, MYB29, MYB76, CYP83A1, AOP2, BCAT4, BCAT6, CYP79F1, GTR1, GTR2, TFP, BHLH05 IMD1, CYP79B3, MAM1, FMO-GS-Ox1, and/or UGT74B1) or encoded polypeptides). In one embodiment, the loss-of-function mutation(s), genomic rearrangement(s), and/or transgene(s) can suppress expression of both a GTR1 gene (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:15 or an allelic variant thereof) and a GTR2 gene (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:17 or an allelic variant thereof). In one embodiment, the loss-of-function mutation(s), genomic rearrangement(s), and/or transgene(s) can suppress expression and/or activity of both a MYB28 gene (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:21 or an allelic variant thereof) and a MYB29 gene (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:24 or an allelic variant thereof). In one embodiment, the loss-of-function mutation(s), transgene(s), and/or genomic rearrangement(s) can suppress expression and/or activity of both a GTR1 gene (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:15 or an allelic variant thereof) and a MYB29 gene (e.g., of SEQ ID NO:24 or an allelic variant thereof). In certain embodiments, suppression of gene expression and/or activity provided by the loss-of-function mutation(s), transgene(s), and/or genomic rearrangement(s) is partial. In certain embodiments, such partial suppression in the any of the aforementioned embodiments can comprise a reduction of at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of activity and/or transcript levels of the endogenous pennycress gene (e.g., MYB28, MYB29, MYB76, CYP83A1, AOP2, BCAT4, BCAT6, CYP79F1, GTR1, GTR2, TFP, BHLH05 IMD1, CYP79B3, MAM1, FMO-GS-Ox1, and/or UGT74B1) in the plant or a part of the plant (e.g., seed) comprising the loss-of-function mutation(s), transgene(s), and/or genomic rearrangement(s) in comparison to the activity and/or transcript levels in a wild-type control plant lacking the loss-of-function mutation(s), transgene(s), and/or genomic rearrangement(s).

In certain embodiments, a genome editing system such as a CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used to introduce one or more loss-of-function mutations into genes such as the glucosinolate biosynthesis, transporters and related regulatory genes (i.e., transcription factors) provided herewith in Table 1 and the sequence listing to obtain pennycress plants, seeds, seed lots, and compositions with reduced seed sinigrin content. For example, a CRISPR-Cas9 vector can include at least one guide sequence specific to a pennycress GTR2 sequence (see, e.g., SEQ ID NO:16) and/or at least one guide sequence specific to a pennycress GTR2 sequence (see, e.g., SEQ ID NO:17). A Cas9 enzyme will bind to and cleave within the gene when the target site is followed by a PAM sequence. For example, the canonical SpCAS9 PAM site is the sequence 5′-NGG-3′, where N is any nucleotide followed by two guanine (G) nucleotides. The Cas9 component of a CRISPR-Cas9 system designed to introduce one or more loss-of-function modifications described herein can be any appropriate Cas9. In certain embodiments, the Cas9 of a CRISPR-Cas9 system described herein can be a Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9). One example of a SpCas9 is described in Fauser et al., 2014.

The LOF mutations in any of the genes of coding sequences of Table 1 can be introduced by a variety of methods. Methods for introduction of the LOF mutations include, but are not limited to, traditional mutagenesis (e.g., Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS), fast neutrons (FN), or gamma rays), TILLING, meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated nuclease (e.g., Cas9, Cpf1, Cms1, S. aureus Cas9 variants, eSpCas9), targetrons, and the like. Various tools that can be used to introduce mutations into genes have been disclosed in Guha et al., 2017. Methods for modifying genomes by use of Cpf1 or Csm1 nucleases are disclosed in US Patent Application Publication 20180148735, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, can be adapted for introduction of the LOF mutations disclosed herein. Methods for modifying genomes by use of CRISPR-CAS systems are disclosed in US Patent Application Publication 20180179547, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, can be adapted for introduction of the LOF mutations disclosed herein. The genome editing reagents described herein can be introduced into a pennycress plant by any appropriate method. In certain embodiments, nucleic acids encoding the genome editing reagents can be introduced into a plant cell using Agrobacterium- or Ensifer mediated transformation, particle bombardment, liposome delivery, nanoparticle delivery, electroporation, polyethylene glycol (PEG) transformation, or any other method suitable for introducing a nucleic acid into a plant cell. In certain embodiments, the Site-Specific Nuclease (SSN) or other expressed gene editing reagents can be delivered as RNAs or as proteins to a plant cell and the RT, if one is used, can be delivered as DNA.

Also provided herein are defatted pennycress seed meal with reduced sinigrin content in comparison to defatted pennycress seed meal obtained from wild-type pennycress seed lots. Defatted-pennycress seed meal is a product obtained from high-pressure crushing of seed, or from a pre-press solvent extraction process, which removes oil from the whole seed. Solvents used in such extractions include, but are not limited to, hexane or mixed hexanes. The meal is the material that remains after most of the oil has been removed. The typical range of sinigrin in meal made from wild-type pennycress seed is greater than 190 micromoles sinigrin per gram meal by dry weight (μmol/gm dw). To be useful as a high protein animal feed, and competitive with other protein feedstuffs, the level of sinigrin level in meal should be less than 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight of the meal. In certain embodiments, defatted pennycress seed meal having a sinigrin content of less than 30, 28, 25, or 15 μmol sinigrin/gm dw are provided. In certain embodiments, defatted pennycress seed meal having a sinigrin content of about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 μmol sinigrin/gm dw is provided herein. Compositions comprising such defatted pennycress seed meal are also provided herein. Such seed meal or compositions can comprise polynucleotides encoding any of the aforementioned LOF mutations. Such seed meal or compositions can also comprise any marker that is characteristic of the pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or 187207 germplasm. In certain embodiments, such biomarkers include a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 444P1 E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or I87207. Mutations in the pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or I87207 can be identified by sequencing the genomic DNA or pertinent genes (e.g., genes of Table 1) and comparing those sequences to the corresponding sequences of the parent pennycress lines from which they were obtained.

Non-defatted pennycress seed meal having less sinigrin than non-defatted control pennycress seed meal obtained from wild-type pennycress seed is provided herein. In certain embodiments, the sinigrin content of non-defatted pennycress seed meal and compositions comprising the same that are provided herein is reduced from about 1.25-, 1.5-, 2-, or 3-fold to about 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 10-, 20-, 40-, 50-, 60-, 70-, 80-, 100-, 120-, 140-, -160-, 180-, or 200-fold in comparison to control non-defatted pennycress seed meal and compositions comprising the same obtained from control wild-type pennycress seeds. In certain embodiments, the non-defatted pennycress seed meal is obtained from pennycress seeds that have been crushed, ground, macerated, expelled, extruded, or any combination thereof. Typically, the level of sinigrin in wild-type pennycress seed and non-defatted seed meal obtained therefrom varies from about 70 to about 150 μmol sinigrin/gm dw. To be useful as a high protein animal feed, and competitive with other protein feedstuffs, the sinigrin level in non-defatted meal should be less than 30 μmol sinigrin/gm dw of the meal. In certain embodiments, non-defatted pennycress seed meal having a sinigrin content of less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 μmol sinigrin/gm dw are provided herein. In certain embodiments, non-defatted pennycress seed meal having a sinigrin content of about less than 15, 14, or 12 μmol sinigrin/gm dw is provided herein. In certain embodiments, non-defatted pennycress seed meal having a sinigrin content of 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 μmol sinigrin/gm dw are provided herein. Compositions comprising such non-defatted pennycress seed meal are also provided herein. Such seed meal or compositions can comprise polynucleotides encoding any of the aforementioned LOF mutations.

The disclosure will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the disclosure described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Generation of Transgenic Pennycress Lines Harboring the CRISPR-Cas9 or CRISPR-Cpf1 or CRISPR-Cms1 Constructs Materials and Methods

Construction of the Thlaspi arvense (pennycress) AOP2, BCAT4, BCAT6, CYP79F1, CYP83A1, GTR1, GTR2, MYB28 (HAG1), HAG3 (MYB29), MYB76 and TFP gene-specific CRISPR genome-editing vectors.

The constructs and cloning procedures for generation of the Thlaspi arvense (pennycress) AOP2, BCAT4, BCAT6, CYP79F1, CYP83A1, GTR1, GTR2, MYB28 (HAG1), HAG3 (MYB29), MYB76 and TFP-specific CRISPR-SpCas9 and CRISPR-SaCas9 constructs were adapted in part from the following two publications that describe general procedures for use of SaCas9 in plants: Steinert J, et. al. (2015) and Fauser F, et. al. (2014).

The plant selectable markers (formerly NPT) in the original pDe-SpCas9 and pDe-SaCas9 binary vectors were swapped for hygromycin resistance (Hygromycin phosphotransferase, or HPT) or fluorescent protein marker (FP) gene.

Vector Transformation into Agrobacterium

The pDe-SpCas9 Hyg, pDe-SaCas9 Hyg, pARV145, containing the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and the Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) cassettes, or related vectors represented in FIGS. 1-7, with the corresponding sequence-specific protospacers were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 using the freeze/thaw method (Holsters et al, 1978).

The transformation product was plated on 1% agar Luria Broth (LB) plates with gentamycin (50 μg/ml) rifampicin (50 μg/ml) and spectinomycin (75 μg/ml). Single colonies were selected after two days of growth at 28° C.

Plant Transformation—Pennycress Floral Dip

Day One:

5 mL of LB+5 uL with appropriate antibiotics (Rifampin (50), Spectinomycin (75), and/or Gentamycin (50)) were inoculated with Agrobacterium. The cultures were allowed to grow, with shaking, overnight at 28° C.

Day Two (Early Morning):

25 mL of Luria Broth+25 uL appropriate antibiotics (Rifampin (50), Spectinomycin (75), and/or Gentamycin (50)) were inoculated with the initial culture from day one. The cultures were allowed to grow, with shaking, overnight at 28° C.

Day Two (Late Afternoon):

250 mL of Luria Broth+250 uL appropriate antibiotic (Rifampin (50), Spectinomycin (75), and/or Gentamycin (50)) were inoculated with 25 mL culture. The cultures were allowed to grow, with shaking, overnight at 28° C.

Day Three:

When the culture had grown to an OD₆₀₀ of ˜1 (or looks thick and silky), the culture was decanted into large centrifuge tubes (all evenly weighted with analytical balance), and spun at 3,500 RPM at room temperature for 10 minutes to pellet cells. The supernatant was decanted off. The pelleted cells were resuspended in a solution of 5% sucrose and 0.02% Silwet L-77. The suspension was poured into clean beakers and placed in a vacuum chamber.

Newly flowering inflorescences of pennycress were fully submerged into the beakers, and subjected to a vacuum pressure of ˜30 inches mercury (˜14.7 psi) for 5 to 10 minutes.

After racemes of pennycress plants (W0011 variety; these plants were 5 generations removed from seeds) were dipped, they were covered loosely with Saran wrap to maintain humidity and kept in the dark overnight before being uncovered and placed back in the environmental growth chamber.

Screening Transgenic Plants and Growth Condition

Pennycress seeds were surface sterilized by first rinsing in 70% ethanol then incubating 10 minutes in a 30% bleach, 0.05% SDS solution before being rinsed two times with sterile water and plated on selective plates (0.8% agar/one half-strength Murashige and Skoog salts with hygromycin B selection (40 U/ml) or glufosinate (18 μg/ml). Plates were wrapped in parafilm and kept in an environmental growth chamber at 21° C., 16:8 day/night for 8 days until antibiotic or herbicide selection was apparent.

Surviving hygromycin or glufosinate-resistant T₁-generation seedlings were transplanted into autoclaved Redi-Earth soil mix and grown in an environmental growth chamber set to 16-hour days/8-hour nights at 21° C. and 50% humidity. T₂-generation seeds were planted, and ˜1.5 mg of leaf tissue from each T₂-generation plant was harvested with a 3-mm hole punch, then processed using the Thermo Scientific™ Phire™ Plant Direct PCR Kit (Catalog #F130WH) as per manufacturer's instructions. PCR (20 μl volume) was performed.

Example 2: Generation and Characterization of EMS-Mutagenized Low Sinigrin Mutant Lines E3 196, E5 444P1, I87113 and I87207

Mutants carrying domestication enabling low glucosinolate trait were isolated from two mutant populations independently created using chemical mutagenesis (ethyl methanesulfonate, EMS) protocol essentially as described in the Materials and Methods section below.

In other embodiments, pennycress plants exhibiting domestication enabling traits such as reduced seed glucosinolate content and loss-of-function mutations in domestication genes can be identified in mutant populations created using fast neutrons (FN), gamma rays (y rays) or other methods of introducing genetic diversity into genomic DNA.

Materials and Methods

Solutions:

A) 0.2M sodium phosphate monobasic 6.9 g/250 mL (NaH₂PO₄*H₂O) B) 0.2M sodium phosphate dibasic 7.1 g/250 mL (NaH₂PO₄anhydrous)

For 50 mL of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7:

 9.75 mL A 15.25 mL B  25.0 mL dH₂O

0.2% EMS in buffer:

-   -   20 mL 0.1M Sodium Phosphate Buffer, pH 7     -   40 μL EMS liquid (Sigma #M0880-5G)

0.1 M sodium thiosulfate at pH 7.3:

-   -   12.4 g sodium thiosulfate in 500 mL

Primary Seed Surface Sterilization

In the Set #1 experiments, wild-type pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) seeds (W0011 ecotype) were surface sterilized for 10 minutes in a 30% bleach, 0.05% SDS solution before being rinsed 3× with sterile water. Sterilized seeds were immediately subjected to EMS treatment.

Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) Treatment of Pennycress Seeds

In the Set #1 experiments, sterilized pennycress seeds (41 g) were agitated in distilled water overnight. Four 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 10 g seed each, and 1 g in a separate small flask as a control, were agitated. The water was decanted.

25 mLs of 0.2% EMS in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7) was added. The control received only phosphate buffer with no EMS. The flasks were shaken in fume hood for 18 hours. The EMS solution was decanted off into an EMS waste bottle.

To rinse the seeds, 25 ml of dH2O was added to each flask, and the flasks were shaken for 20 minutes. The rinse water was decanted into the EMS waste bottle.

To deactivate the EMS, seeds were washed for 20 minutes in 0.1M sodium thiosulfate (pH 7.3). The sodium thiosulfate solution was decanted into the EMS waste bottle.

The seeds were rinsed 4 times with dH2O for 15 minutes.

The seeds were suspended in 0.1% agarose, and germinated directly in autoclaved Redi-Earth soil mix at a density of approximately 10 seeds per 4-inch pot.

In the Set #2 experiments, 42 grams of seeds derived from pennycress accession MN106 were collected as described elsewhere (Dorn et al., 2013), and were treated with 180 ml 0.2% ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in a chemical flow hood. The solution and seeds were kept mixed on a rotating platform for 14 hours at room temperature. The seeds were thereafter extensively rinsed with distilled water to remove all traces of the EMS. The seeds were then dried for 24 hours on filter paper in a chemical flow hood. These seeds were considered to be the progenitors of the M1-generation of plants.

Plant Growth Conditions

In the Set #1 experiments, EMS-treated pennycress seeds were germinated and grown in an environmental growth chamber at 21° C., 16:8 6400K fluorescent light/dark, 50% humidity. Approximately 14 days after planting, plants were thinned and transplanted to a density of 4 plants per 4-inch pot. These M1-generation plants showed telltale chlorotic leaf sectors that are indicative of a successful mutagenesis.

After dry-down, these M1-generation W0011 plants were catalogued and harvested. The M2- and M3-generation seeds were surface sterilized, planted and grown according to the protocols previously described.

In the Set #2 experiments, the MN106 mutagenized seeds were sowed into two small field plots. These plots were allowed to grow over the winter. The following spring abundant albino sectors were noted on the flowering plants as an indication of a successful mutagenesis.

Identification and Characterization of Low Seed Sinigrin Mutant Lines

In the Set #1 experiments, seeds (M3-generation) from putative M2-generation mutants were planted and grown in potting soil-containing 4-inch pots in a growth chamber, harvested and the sinigrin content in the seed was assessed upon its desiccation to a moisture level of 7-9%. EMS mutagenesis typically introduces single-nucleotide transition mutations (e.g., G to A, or C to T) into plant genomes.

In the Set #2 experiments, seeds were collected from mature M1-generation MN106 plants. M2-generation seeds from batches of 10 M1-generation plants were pooled together. In all, 500 pools representing 5000 mutagenized M1-generation plants were collected. In August, each pool was sowed in a field into an individual row. Robust growth was noted in October. During the following June, M3-generation seeds were collected from approximately 8,000 mature M2-generation individual plants and stored in individual packets.

In both Sets #1 and #2 experiments, NIR spectral analysis was used to make preliminary identification of lines with reduced glucosinolate in M3-generation seeds from each packet. These seeds were scanned using a Metrohm NIRS XDS Multi Vial Analyzer or a Perten DA7250 NIR Spectroscopy Analyzer to assess the amount of sinigrin as described elsewhere (Sidhu et. al., 2014; Golebiowski et. al, 2005; Riu et. al., 2006; Xin et. al., 2014). These analyses captured information related to the approximate levels of total glucosinolate and were used to identify low sinigrin candidates. Seeds showing a significant predicted reduction were used in a wet lab analysis to confirm or determine the sinigrin amount with better accuracy.

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis was used to determine the sinigrin content of selected seed lines E3 196, E5 444P1, I87113 and I87207 and to compare the obtained values to the range of sinigrin in corresponding wild type seeds. These mutant lines showed sinigrin content significantly below population average and along with some other representative lines and controls were further analyzed using a method adapted from (Kliebenstein et. al., 2001). Results presented in Table 2 indicate that sinigrin levels in the seeds of these mutant lines are significantly lower and are outside of the corresponding ranges found in control parental seeds.

TABLE 2 Sinigrin content in seeds from selected pennycress lines with low glucosinolates content was measured using high throughput ion-exchange chromatography-based method. A minimum of three biological replicates each consisting of 20 mg (~20 seeds) per replicate was used. Each biological replicate was split into two technical replicates that were loaded on the mini-column and treated independently after seed extraction process. Last column represents standard error of the mean for glucosinolates (primarily sinigrin) content in each line. Sinigrin, Mean Std Error, Biological Technical μmoles/g Mean Line ID Origin Reps Reps seed μmoles/g 1 E3 196 MN106-derived 6 2 15 1.6 2 E5 444P1 MN106-derived 6 2 23 3.5 3 187207 W0011-derived 3 2 25 4.1 4 187113 W0011-derived 6 2 30 4.5 5 187102 W0011-derived 3 2 94 8.0 6 187383 W0011-derived 3 2 96 10.7 7 ES 051 P1 MN106-derived 3 2 99 8.9 8 187256 W0011 wild 3 2 110 9.2 type 9 E5 101 P1 MN106-derived 3 2 102 10.1 10 E5 484P6 MN106-derived 3 2 106 10.4 11 1120/1062 1-13 ARV breeding 3 2 101 12.1 12 1082/1008 3-12-1 ARV breeding 3 2 106 12.2 13 1053/1023 2-5-1 ARV breeding 3 2 112 5.9 14 Y1067 ARV low fiber 3 2 129 9.4 15 Y1126 ARV low fiber 3 2 128 10.2 16 Beecher (WT USDA 120 2 103 2.5 parent) 17 W0011 (WT WIU/ISU 6 2 102 6.4 parent) 18 MN106 (WT UMN 6 2 116 8.5 parent)

Example 3. Identification of Underlying Gene Mutations in EMS-Generated Low Seed Sinigrin Mutant Lines

Genomic DNA was extracted from each mutant, and each sample was subjected to whole-genome sequencing (adapted from Zhang, X., et al., 2018) and extensive bioinformatic analysis to identify induced mutations resulting in amino acid substitutions. For every gene target described in Table 1, a sequence from the mutant line was compared to a WT sequence from the parental line. If the EMS-induced change resulted in a non-silent mutation (amino acid change or a stop codon), the mutation was considered to be a candidate for the low sinigrin phenotype. Once the mutation was identified, a co-segregation analysis in the F2 single seeds or F3 families derived from each of these mutants was performed. This whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that E3 196 (Nutty) line contains a mutation in a predicted pennycress ALKNYL HYDROXALKYL PRODUCING (AOP) polypeptide involved in the last step of sinigrin biosynthesis, while the I87113 line carries a homozygous mutation in the GTR1 gene which encodes a glucosinolate transporter.

Mutation in the AOP2-Like Gene Co-Segregates with Low Glucosinolate Phenotype in Seeds and Vegetative Tissues of Mutant E3 196 (Nutty) Pennycress Line

In order to demonstrate that the mutation in the AOP2 gene discovered in the E3 196 (Nutty) mutant is responsible for the low sinigrin phenotype, a segregating F2 population from the cross of homozygous Nutty mutant with WT MN106 parental line was performed. The results are presented in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Glucosinolates content in seeds and vegetative tissues from the segregating population created using mutant pennycress line E3 196 (Nutty). Each line was genotyped for the presence of G97R mutation found in AOP2 gene variant in E3 196 (Nutty) using standard sequencing. Moisture and sinigrin content in seeds were measured using NIRS, whereas total glucosinolates content in fresh tissue was determined using a wet-lab method described in Chopra et al. (2019). Sinigrin, Glucosinolates NIR sample Genotype, Moisture, μmoles/g μmoles/g # G97R % seed tissue 1 15 wt 7.3 115.4 26.1 2 23 wt 7.6 98.3 23.9 3 29 wt 7.1 101.1 20.7 4 34 wt 7.1 108.1 9.7 5 35 wt 7.3 111.3 24.6 6 37 wt 7.4 115.1 13.8 7 38 wt 7.3 106.0 7.8 8 8 homo 7.5 4.9 0.7 9 12 homo 7.5 9.2 0.5 10 17 homo 7.0 6.9 1.4 11 24 homo 7.7 13.7 0.4 12 28 homo 7.4 7.4 0.3 13 41 homo 6.9 2.1 2.1 14 1 het 6.9 107.7 19.0 15 6 het 7.1 106.3 21.5 16 7 het 7.1 102.0 23.9 17 10 het 7.7 110.0 25.6 18 13 het 7.3 95.4 28.6 19 14 het 7.5 100.4 17.2 20 19 het 7.4 89.8 17.7 21 22 het 7.4 108.1 24.4 22 26 het 7.4 103.5 23.3 23 27 het 7.6 99.6 23.7 24 32 het 7.0 114.3 n/a 25 33 het 7.2 103.6 23.6 Average WT 107.9 18.1 Average RET 103.4 22.6 Average HOMO 7.4 0.9

The results presented in Table 3 strongly indicate that the G97R mutation present in the AOP2 gene variant in mutant line E3 196 (Nutty) mutant line results in ˜20-fold reduction of total glucosinolates content in dry seeds and vegetative tissues of the mutant plant.

Mutation in the Homolog of GTR1 Gene Results in Low Glucosinolate Phenotype in Seeds and Vegetative Tissues of Mutant I87113 Pennycress Line

Using a WGS approach, the I87113 line was found to carry a homozygous mutation believed to confer a L491F amino acid change in GTR1, a glucosinolate transporter and a member of a major facilitator superfamily. In 98 Embryophyta sequences this position is in a conserved transmembrane helical region and is populated exclusively with small hydrophobic AAs, suggesting that the L491F-causing mutation results in at least a partial loss of function. Indeed, in a separate set of NIRS and wet-lab experiments, the progeny of the I87113 mutant has consistently demonstrated a significant reduction in glucosinolates levels in dry seeds (˜30% of the WT level).

TABLE 4 Sinigrin content in seeds of gtr1-1 mutant I87113 as determined using a wet-lab method described in Chopra et.al. (2019). Sinigrin, Mean Std Error, Mean Line ID Generation/Type μmoles/g seed μmoles/g I87113 M3 25 4 I87113 M3 30 4 I87113 M4 33 2 W0011 Control 98 4 Beecher Control 101.4 7

Example 4: Discovery and Characterization of Other Mutant Lines with Low Sinigrin Content in Seeds

In the process of whole genome sequencing (WGS) of multiple EMS-mutagenized lines segregating for useful traits (flowering, pod-shattering, oil, protein and fiber content, etc.) mutations in other genes described as potential targets for suppression in Table 1 were identified. In these cases, mutations were present almost exclusively in a heterozygous form, consistent with the fact that they were not selected based on a low glucosinolate phenotype which typically requires a homozygous LOF mutation. Instead, they were identified using this opportunistic approach because the original seed stock was very heavily mutagenized (with an estimated 1,000-2,000 mutations per haploid genome), which makes the presence of more than one potentially useful mutation in the same line relatively likely. Because these lines were selected exclusively based on presence of non-silent mutations, most are expected to be in non-conserved regions and have little or no impact on corresponding gene functions. Nevertheless, these lines were subjected to NIRS and wet-lab assays in order to determine the effects of the identified mutations on glucosinolate content in seeds. The results are summarized in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Sinigrin content in seeds of the segregating populations created using mutant penny- cress lines identified via WGS. The genotypes of each mother line were determined using standard sequencing. Moisture and sinigrin content in seeds were measured using NIRS whereas, total glucosinolates content in dry seeds was determined using a wet-lab procedure described in (Chopra et.al., 2019). NIRS Wet-Lab Genotype Sinigrin, Glucosinolate of the Gene Moisture μmoles/g μmoles/g mother Line Name Affected % seed seed line 1 A7 11 FMO_GS- 7.6 103.3 113.5 HET OX1 2 A7 66 - CYP83A1 CYP83A1 7.3 101.0 123.5 HOM Mut 3 A7 66 - CYP83A1 CYP83A1 8.1 85.3 119.2 WT WT 4 A7 95 IMD1 4.9 115.5 115.1 HOM 5 D3 22 IMD1 8.3 96.6 120.0 HET 6 D3 N13P3 - bHLH05 17.1 81.1 66.0 HOM F2 (Mut) - 16 (MYC3) 7 D3 N13P3 - bHLH05 12.3 80.2 91.4 HOM F2 (Mut) - 22 (MYC3) 8 D3 N13P3 - bHLH05 13.7 119.1 125.1 WT F2 (Wt) - 11 (MYC3) 9 D3 N13P3 - bHLH05 16.8 122.8 118.8 WT F2 (Wt) - 12 (MYC3) 10 E5 133P2-1 bHLH05 7.5 63.6 86.0 unknown (MYC3) 11 E5 133P2-2 bHLH05 8.1 90.3 107.9 unknown (MYC3) 12 E5 133P2-3 bHLH05 7.9 57.9 94.9 unknown (MYC3) 13 E5 356P5 FMO_GS- 7.5 92.5 96.7 HET OX1 14 E5 519 - CYP79B3 7.9 91.8 110.2 HOM CYP79B3 Mut 309 15 E5 519 - CYP79B3 8.1 80.9 108.4 HOM CYP79B3 Mut 311 16 E5 543 MAM1 6.3 57.9 89.7 HET 17 MN106 #33 Wt 8.2 91.2 106.6 WT 18 A7 137 Wt 7.7 99.8 104.0 WT 19 E5 301P1 Wt 8.3 94.5 99.0 WT

This analysis suggested that some of the mutations (such as in FMO-GS-Ox1 and MAM1 genes) may have at least a partial impact on corresponding protein function. To test this hypothesis, the seeds from the progeny of the original heterozygous lines (segregating in a typical 1:2:1 Mendelian ratio) were subjected to a single-seed wet-lab assay and PCR-based genotyping. The results summarized in Table 6 suggest that mutations in FMO-GS-Ox1 and MAM1 may result in reduction of glucosinolates in dry seeds of homozygous mutant lines (40-60% of WT level).

TABLE 6 Glucosinolates content in seeds of the segregating populations created using mutant pennycress lines. Total glucosinolates content (μmoles/g) in single seeds was determined using a wet-lab method described in Chopra et al. (2019). Gene WT Mutant 1 CYP83A1 138 (±12.22) 113 (±19.72) 2 FMO-GS-Ox1 106 (±10.4)  64 (±3.98) 3 MAM1 127 (±8.82)  51 (±4.67)

Example 5. Identification and Characterization of CRISPR-Induced Mutations in Target Genes Related to Glucosinolate Pathway and Seed Accumulation

Gene editing using Cas9, Cpf1 and Cms1 nucleases typically introduces a double-stranded break into a targeted genome area in close proximity to the nuclease's PAM site. During non-homologous end-joining process (NHEJ) double-stranded breaks are repaired, at times resulting in the introduction of INDELS-type mutations at the repair location in targeted genomes. To identify plants with small INDELS in targeted genes of interest, standard Sanger sequencing and/or T7 endonuclease assays (Guschin et. al., 2010) were employed. Standard PCR protocols followed by Sanger sequencing were used to identify and characterize larger (several hundred base pairs) deletions. Sequence analyses revealed that multiple guide RNAs/CRISPR nuclease combinations were effective in generating loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in gene targets described in Table 1. Plants carrying LOF mutations were grown to the next generation and the phenotypes in seeds or vegetative tissues were confirmed using analytical methods.

Multiple mutations in the MYB28 (HAG1) gene were identified, including frameshift mutations likely conferring complete loss of gene function, but no reduction in sinigrin was observed in any of the corresponding homozygous mutant lines (Table 7). On the other hand, mutations in another MYB family member, MYB29 (HAGS), did result in sinigrin reduction, on average, by 35-50% (Tables 7-9). However, in vegetative tissues of myb28/myb29 (hag1/hag3) mutations stack, a dramatic reductions in glucosinolate content relative to WT controls were observed, suggesting a redundancy in the MYB28 and MYB29 gene functions.

TABLE 7 Sinigrin levels as determined using a wet-lab method described in Chopra et at. (2019), in homozygous lines generated using CRISPR- induced mutagenesis in selected gene targets described in Table 1. Gluco- sinolates Gene Sinigrin, μmoles/ % Line Name ratio μmoles/ g fresh Con- Gene Name(s) Genotype n g seed tissue trol 1 WT Control WT-Beecher 105 46.1 n/a (Beecher) 2 WT Control WT-W0011 94.3 40.1 ± 5.7 n/a (W0011) 3 MYB28 (HAG1) hag1-1 T2 98.1  98% (homozygous −G deletion) 4 MYB28 (HAG1) hag1-2 T3 100.7 101% (homozygous +A insertion) 5 MYB28 (HAG1) 2180A (hag1 T1 26.0 ± 3.1  65% MYB29 (HAG3) het -2 bp; hag3- Stack 2 homo -6 bp) 6 MYB28 (HAG1)/ 2172A (hag1 T1  1.1 ± 0.3  3% MYB29 (HAG3) biallelic -2 bp, stack +A; hag3-1 homo -13 bp) 7 GTR1/GTR2 3A5K (gtr1-2 T2 20.6  21% stack homo +G, gtr2- 3 chimeric +G, +A, WT) 8 GTR1/GTR2 3A5C (gtr1-3 T2 48.9  49% stack het −T, gtr2-2 homo +A)

TABLE 8 Sinigrin levels in single T2-generation seeds obtained from selected biallelic/homozygous MYB29 (HAG3)-edited lines (wet-lab method, normalized to μmoles/g seed). Seed # WT Control Line A263A Line A264A Line A269A 1 117.9 70.8 121.5 77.4 2 106.7 58.8 103.5 84.1 3 119.6 46.5 94.5 60.6 4 124.6 42.1 70.5 56.3 5 130.3 64.5 84.7 56.2 6 123.9 51.3 86.1 54.6 7 111.7 56.4 94.1 62.1 8 126.5 45.4 89.6 41.9 9 127.5 52.1 114.0 57.1 10 125.1 45.9 83.5 51.5 11 124.5 44.0 71.3 63.3 12 116.1 49.8 68.7 57.2 13 126.1 75.7 113.4 85.7 14 128.1 53.0 73.2 61.5 15 115.9 46.7 84.9 87.3 16 114.4 46.2 74.6 69.2 17 103.2 55.3 101.6 86.8 18 114.5 54.3 99.6 81.5 19 101.4 47.6 116.8 56.2 20 150.0 98.4 62.6 41.5 21 127.1 48.1 71.1 63.7 22 135.0 58.6 101.3 60.8 23 133.7 70.3 78.3 48.1 24 126.9 51.5 83.3 65.7 AVE, μmoles/g 122.1 55.5 89.3 63.8 STDEV 10.8 12.8 16.8 13.6 % Control 100% 45% 73% 52%

TABLE 9 Sinigrin levels in vegetative tissues from selected 4-weeks old T2-generation plants grown from biallelically modified MYB29 (HAG3) CRISPR-mutated line A269A (wet-lab method, normalized to μmoles/g fresh tissue punch). A269A, line # BioRep # WT Control 13 16 21 22 11 14 19 24 1 19.8 4.0 7.5 3.0 3.4 3.9 8.3 7.9 8.2 2 19.9 4.1 5.6 3.1 5.7 2.7 6.9 5.6 8.4 3 16.4 3.4 5.0 3.6 5.8 2.8 7.0 6.4 7.8 AVERAGE 18.7 3.8 6.0 3.2 5.0 3.1 7.4 6.6 8.1 STDEV 2.0 0.4 1.3 0.3 1.4 0.7 0.8 1.2 0.3 % Control 100% 20% 32% 17% 27% 17% 40% 35% 43%

TABLE 10 Sinigrin levels in vegetative tissues from selected T1-generation seedlings grown from biallelically modified AOP2 lines (wet-lab method, normalized to μmoles/4.3 mg fresh tissue punch). Tissue samples were harvested from cauline leaves when plants were setting pods (wet-lab method, normalized to μmoles/g fresh tissue punch). T1 plants are generally chimeric for the edits, resulting in overestimated sinigrin numbers and increased variability. 2032 WT BioRep # control A370A A379A A381A A380A 1 7.9 0.2 1.4 −0.3 0.3 2 4.6 2.1 0.6 0.1 0.3 3 4.1 0.4 0.1 6.9 0.4 4 4.0 −0.4 2.9 7.2 −0.6 5 4.2 3.5 0.5 0.1 −0.4 6 1.6 4.1 0.9 0.1 −0.4 AVERAGE 4.4 1.7 1.1 2.3 −0.1 STDEV 2.0 1.9 1.0 3.6 0.4 % Control 100% 38% 24% 53% −1%

REFERENCES

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OTHER EMBODIMENTS

It is to be understood that while certain embodiments have been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof and examples, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following embodiments and claims.

Embodiment 1. A composition comprising non-defatted pennycress seed meal that comprises less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 2. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein said seed meal comprises about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, or 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 3. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 or 2, wherein said composition has an oil content of about 30% or 35% to about 40% or 50% by dry weight.

Embodiment 4. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein said composition further comprises a preservative, a dust preventing agent, a bulking agent, a flowing agent, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 5. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein said pennycress seed meal is obtained from pennycress seeds that have been crushed, ground, macerated, expelled, extruded, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 6. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein said composition comprises: (i) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 92, 93, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof (ii) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or I87207; or (iii) crushed, ground, and/or macerated seed of pennycress mutant lines E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, I87207, E5 543, or germplasm therefrom.

Embodiment 7. A non-defatted pennycress seed meal that comprises less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 8. The seed meal of embodiment 7, wherein said seed meal comprises about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, or 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 9. The seed meal of embodiment 7 or 8, wherein said composition has an oil content of 30% or 35% to 40% or 50% by dry weight.

Embodiment 10. The seed meal of any one of embodiments 7 to 9, wherein said seed meal comprises: (i) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 92, 93, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof; (ii) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 356P5, I87113, or E5 543; or (ii) crushed, ground, and/or macerated seed of pennycress mutant lines E3 196, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or germplasm therefrom.

Embodiment 11. A pennycress seed comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 12. The pennycress seed of embodiment 11, wherein the seed comprises about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, or 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 13. The pennycress seed of embodiment 11 or 12, wherein the seed comprises: (i) at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 30, 94, 161, 164, 167, 170, 173, 176, and allelic variants thereof; (ii) at least one transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 30, 94, 161, 164, 167, 170, 173, 176, and allelic variants thereof; or (iii) seed of pennycress mutant lines E3 196, ES 444P1, ES 356P5, I87113, ES 543, 187207, or germplasm therefrom.

Embodiment 14. The pennycress seed of any one of embodiments 11 to 13, wherein the seed comprises at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 92, 93, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof.

Embodiment 15. The pennycress seed of any one of embodiments 11 to 14, wherein the seed comprises at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a sinigrin biosynthetic enzyme and/or at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a sinigrin transporter.

Embodiment 16. The pennycress seed of embodiment 15, wherein: (i) the sinigrin biosynthetic enzyme comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 21, 24, 27, 94 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof; or (ii) the pennycress seed comprises a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 21 or an allelic variant thereof and a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of a SEQ ID NO: 24 or an allelic variant thereof.

Embodiment 17. The pennycress seed of embodiment 15 or 16, wherein: (i) the sinigrin transporter comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 15, 17 and allelic variants thereof; (ii) the pennycress seed comprises a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 15 or an allelic variant thereof and a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of a SEQ ID NO: 17 or an allelic variant thereof; or (iii) the pennycress seed comprises a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 15 or an allelic variant thereof and a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of a SEQ ID NO: 24 or an allelic variant thereof.

Embodiment 18. A seed lot comprising a population of pennycress seeds comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 19. The seed lot of embodiment 18, wherein the pennycress seeds comprise 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to 15, 16, 18, 20, or 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 20. The seed lot of embodiment 18 or 19, wherein the seed comprises: (i) at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 30, 94, 161, 164, 167, 170, 173, 176, and allelic variants thereof; or (ii) at least one transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 30, 94, 161, 164, 167, 170, 173, 176, and allelic variants thereof; or (ii) seed of pennycress mutant lines E3 196, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or germplasm therefrom.

Embodiment 21. The seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the seed comprises at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 92, 93, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof.

Embodiment 22. The seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the seed comprises at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a sinigrin biosynthetic enzyme and/or at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a sinigrin transporter.

Embodiment 23. The seed lot of embodiment 22, wherein: (i) the sinigrin biosynthetic enzyme comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 21, 24, 27, 94, 164, 167, 170, 173, 176, and allelic variants thereof; or (ii) the pennycress seed lot comprises a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 21 or an allelic variant thereof and a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of a SEQ ID NO: 24 or an allelic variant thereof.

Embodiment 24. The seed lot of embodiment 22 or 23, wherein: (i) the sinigrin transporter comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 15, 17 and allelic variants thereof; (ii) the pennycress seed lot comprises a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 15 or an allelic variant thereof and a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of a SEQ ID NO: 17 or an allelic variant thereof; or (iii) the pennycress seed lot comprises a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 15 or an allelic variant thereof and a loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of a SEQ ID NO: 24 or an allelic variant thereof.

Embodiment 25. The seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 24, wherein said population of pennycress seeds comprise seeds having at least one loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene that encodes SEQ ID NO:2 or an allelic variant thereof.

Embodiment 26. The seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 25, wherein the loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding SEQ ID NO:2 or the allelic variant thereof comprises an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides.

Embodiment 27. The seed lot of embodiment 26, wherein the loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding SEQ ID NO:2 or the allelic variant thereof comprises a mutation that introduces a pre-mature stop codon or frameshift mutation at codon positions 1-108 of SEQ ID NO:1 or an allelic variant thereof.

Embodiment 28. The seed lot of embodiment 26, wherein the loss-of-function mutation is in a polynucleotide encoding MYB28, MYB29, MYB76, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 29. The seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 28, wherein the population comprises at least 10 seeds comprising less than 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to 15, 16, 18, 20, or 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 30. The seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 29, wherein at least 95% of the pennycress seeds in the seed lot are seeds comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to 15, 16, 18, 20, or 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 31. The seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 30, wherein less than 5% of the seeds in said seed lot have greater than 25 or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 32. The seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 31, wherein said seeds further comprise an agriculturally acceptable excipient or adjuvant.

Embodiment 33. The seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 32, wherein said seeds further comprise a fungicide, a safener, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 34. A method of making non-defatted pennycress seed meal comprising less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to 15, 16, 18, 20, or 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight, comprising the step of grinding, macerating, extruding, and/or crushing the seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 32 thereby obtaining the non-defatted seed meal.

Embodiment 35. A method of making defatted pennycress seed meal comprising less than 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight, comprising the steps of solvent extracting the seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 32, and separating the extracted seed meal from the solvent, thereby obtaining the defatted seed meal.

Embodiment 36. Pennycress seed meal comprising less than 30, 28, or micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight, wherein the seed meal is defatted.

Embodiment 37. The seed meal of embodiment 36, wherein said seed meal has an oil content of about 0% or 0.5% to about 12% or 15% by dry weight.

Embodiment 38. The pennycress seed meal of embodiments 36 or 37, wherein said meal comprises: (i) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 92, 93, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof; (ii) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or I87207; or (iii) crushed, ground, and/or macerated seed of pennycress mutant lines E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, I87207, E5 543, or germplasm therefrom.

Embodiment 39. The pennycress seed meal of any one of embodiments 36 to 38, wherein said meal comprises ground and/or macerated seed of a population of pennycress seeds comprising seeds having at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 92, 93, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof.

Embodiment 40. The pennycress seed meal of any one of embodiments 36 to 39, wherein said meal comprises ground and/or macerated seed of a population of pennycress seeds comprising seeds having at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 30, 94, 161, 164, 167, 170, 173, 176, and allelic variants thereof.

Embodiment 41. The pennycress seed meal of any one of embodiments 36 to 40, wherein said meal comprises ground and/or macerated seed of a population of pennycress seeds comprising seeds having at least one transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 30, 94, 161, 164, 167, 170, 173, 176, and allelic variants thereof.

Embodiment 42. A composition comprising defatted pennycress seed meal that comprises less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 43. The composition of embodiment 42, wherein said seed meal comprises about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 44. The composition of embodiments 42 or 43, wherein said composition has an oil content of about of about 0% or 0.5% to about 12% or 15% by dry weight.

Embodiment 45. The composition of any one of embodiments 42 to 44, wherein said composition further comprises a preservative, a dust preventing agent, a bulking agent, a flowing agent, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 46. The composition of any one of embodiments 42 to 45, wherein said composition comprises: (i) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 92, 93, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof (ii) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or I87207; or (iii) crushed, ground, and/or macerated seed of pennycress mutant lines E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, I87207, E5 543, or germplasm therefrom.

Embodiment 47. Pennycress seed cake comprising 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight or about 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to about 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, or 30 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 48. The seed cake of embodiment 47, wherein said seed cake has an oil content of about 0% or 0.5% to about 12% or 15% by dry weight.

Embodiment 49. The pennycress seed cake of embodiment 47, wherein the cake comprises crushed or expelled seed of the seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 33.

Embodiment 50. The pennycress seed cake of any one of embodiments 47 to 49, wherein the cake comprises: (i) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 92, 93, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof; (ii) a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in pennycress mutant E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, E5 543, or I87207; or (iii) seed cake obtained from seed of pennycress mutant lines E3 196, E5 444P1, E5 356P5, I87113, I87207, E5 543, or germplasm therefrom.

Embodiment 51. A method of making a pennycress seed lot comprising the steps of:

(a) introducing at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 30, 92, 93, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, and allelic variants thereof; (b) selecting germplasm that is homozygous for said loss-of-function mutation; and, (c) harvesting seed from the homozygous germplasm, thereby obtaining a seed lot, wherein said seed lot comprises a population of pennycress seed having less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 52. The method of embodiment 51, wherein the harvested seed of the seed lot comprise 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to 15, 16, 18, 20, or 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 53. The method of embodiment 51 or 52, wherein said harvested seed of the seed lot comprises the seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 33.

Embodiment 54. A method of making a pennycress seed lot comprising the steps of:

(a) introducing at least one transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of at least one endogenous pennycress gene encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 30, 94, 161, 164, 167, 170, 173, 176, and allelic variants thereof into a pennycress plant genome; (b) selecting a transgenic plant line that comprises said transgene or genome rearrangement; and, (c) harvesting seed from the transgenic plant line, thereby obtaining a seed lot, wherein said seed lot comprises a population of pennycress seed having less than 30, 28, 25, 16, or 15 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 55. The method of embodiment 54, wherein the harvested seed of the seed lot comprise 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 to 15, 16, 18, 20, or 25 micromoles sinigrin per gram by dry weight.

Embodiment 56. The method of embodiment 54 or 55, wherein said harvested seed comprise a seed lot of any one of embodiments 18 to 33. 

What is claimed is: 1.-56. (canceled)
 57. A pennycress seed comprising: (i) at least one loss-of-function mutation in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 161 or an allelic variant thereof, wherein said loss-of-function mutation reduces expression of said polypeptide or reduces transcription factor activity of said polypeptide; or (ii) at least one transgene or genome rearrangement that suppresses expression of at least one endogenous pennycress gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 161 or an allelic variant thereof; wherein said allelic variants of SEQ ID NO: 161 have at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 161 and wherein said seed exhibits a reduction in sinigrin content in comparison to sinigrin content of a control seed which lacks said loss-of-function mutation, said transgene, or said genome rearrangement.
 58. The pennycress seed of claim 57, wherein the seed comprises the loss-of-function mutation(s) in an endogenous pennycress gene encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 161 or the allelic variant thereof.
 59. The pennycress seed of claim 57, wherein the seed comprises at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 159 or SEQ ID NO: 160, respectively, or an allelic variant thereof having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 159 or SEQ ID NO: 160, respectively.
 60. The pennycress seed of claim 57, wherein the seed comprise a sinigrin content of 66 to 91.4 μmoles sinigrin per gram of seed.
 61. A pennycress seed lot comprising a population of pennycress seeds of claim
 57. 62. The pennycress seed lot of claim 61, wherein said seeds further comprise an agriculturally acceptable excipient or adjuvant.
 63. The pennycress seed lot of claim 61, wherein said seeds further comprise a fungicide, a safener, or any combination thereof.
 64. A method of making non-defatted pennycress seed meal comprising the step of grinding, macerating, extruding, and/or crushing a population of the pennycress seed of claim 57 to obtain the non-defatted pennycress seed meal, wherein the non-defatted seed meal obtained exhibits a reduction in sinigrin content in comparison to sinigrin content of a control non-defatted pennycress seed meal made from control seed which lacks said loss-of-function mutation, said transgene, or said genome rearrangement.
 65. Non-defatted pennycress seed meal comprising non-defatted pennycress seed meal obtained from a population of the pennycress seed of claim 57, wherein the non-defatted seed meal obtained exhibits a reduction in sinigrin content in comparison to sinigrin content of a control non-defatted pennycress seed meal made from control seed which lacks said loss-of-function mutation, said transgene, or said genome rearrangement.
 66. The non-defatted seed meal of claim 65, wherein the seed meal comprises a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 159 or SEQ ID NO: 160, respectively, or an allelic variant thereof having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 159 or SEQ ID NO: 160, respectively.
 67. A method of making defatted pennycress seed meal comprising the steps of solvent extracting a seed lot comprising a population of the pennycress seed of claim 57, and separating the extracted seed meal from the solvent to obtain the defatted pennycress seed meal, wherein the defatted pennycress seed meal obtained exhibits a reduction in sinigrin content in comparison to sinigrin content of a control defatted pennycress seed meal made from control seed which lacks said loss-of-function mutation, said transgene, or said genome rearrangement.
 68. Defatted pennycress seed meal comprising defatted pennycress seed meal obtained from a population of the pennycress seed of claim 57, wherein the non-defatted seed meal obtained exhibits a reduction in sinigrin content in comparison to sinigrin content of a control non-defatted pennycress seed meal made from control seed which lacks said loss-of-function mutation, said transgene, or said genome rearrangement.
 69. The defatted seed meal of claim 69, wherein the defatted seed meal comprises a detectable amount of a polynucleotide comprising at least one loss-of-function mutation in at least one endogenous pennycress coding sequence or gene comprising a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 159 or SEQ ID NO: 160, respectively, or an allelic variant thereof having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 159 or SEQ ID NO: 160, respectively. 